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Cervical cancer is commonly occurs in woman. More than 1.4 million ofwomen suffer from this disease.In Indonesia the Incidence Rate of cervical canceris 13/100.000 woman. The result of early detection cervical cancer program withIVA method in Karawang revealed 246 cases from 2010-2013. In 2014 until Junethere are 56 cases. The increasing of divorced rate (200 cases/year)andprostitutions di Karawang District are the risk factor of cervical cancer. Thepurpose of this research is to know the risk factor of changed sex partner towardscervical cancer in Karawang District.A case control study design was conducted with two controls per case. Thesource of data identified from public health centre register and confirmed casesfrom hospital register of Karawang during 2014. Information collected onparticipants using pretested questionnaires, during household interviews includedage, education level, occupation, income, family cervical cancer history, age offirst sex, smoking, using hormonal contraception, parity and consumption pattern.We estimated odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI 95%) usingmultivariate logistic regression.Fifty-two cases and 104 controls were enrolled. The bivariate model ofchanging sex partner towards cervical cancer showed (OR: 3.57 CI 95%: 1.67-7.6). The multivariate model included age, level education, income, familycervical cancer history, smoking active and passive, parity, age of first time sex,using hormonal contraception, and food contain carcinogen consumption. Theodds ratio adjusted (OR adj : 2.68, CI 95%: 1.03-6.9). The variable of age, level ofeducation, family cervical cancer history, active smoking and using hormonalcontraception are the confounders in relation between changing sex partner withcervical cancer.Woman with changing sex partner behaviour were more likely to havecervical cancer 2.68 times compared with women who did not changing sexpartner. District Health office of Karawang should increasing the health campaignof the risk factor of cervical cancer and preventing cervical cancer with earlydetection in public health centre.Key words: cervical cancer, changing sex partner, case control study
Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya diestimasikan sekitar 18% kematian anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh pneumonia. Faktor risiko pasti yang berkontribusi diantaranya yaitu balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif.
Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 12 -23 bulan setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di tiga wilayah puskesmas Kota Cimahi berdasarkan angka insidens kasus pneumonia balita yang tertinggi di tahun 2012. Kasus adalah balita usia 12 - 23 bulan yang berkunjung ke sarana puskesmas penelitian periode Januari - Desember 2012 dan didiagnosa sebagai kasus pneumonia. Kontrol merupakan tetangga dari kasus, dengan perbandingan jumlah kasus dan kontrol yaitu 1:1. Besar sampel minimal sebanyak 133 untuk masing - masing kelompok. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik. Besar asosiasi balita yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif memiliki OR untuk terjadinya pneumonia sebesar 3,58 kali (95% CI: 2,08 - 6,19) dibandingkan yang mendapat ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder.
Penelitian ini memperkuat penelitian terdahulu yang membuktikan kekuatan hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Berfokus pada daerah dengan angka insiden kasus penumonia yang tinggi, pihak dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas dapat lebih meningkatkan upaya promosi dan fasilitasi ASI eksklusif, menciptakan kawasan tanpa asap rokok di tingkat rumah tangga, pengurangan adanya paparan asap pembakaran di dalam rumah, peningkatan pengetahuan ibu berkaitan faktor risiko pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the biggest cause of death in children worldwide. Each year approximately 18% of estimated deaths of children under five worldwide are caused by pneumonia. Definite risk factors that contribute to them are children under five who are not exclusively breastfed.
The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia children under five age 12 -23 months after controlling for confounders.Case-control study was conducted in three areas of public health centers Cimahi City based incidence rates were highest children under five cases of pneumonia in 2012. Cases were children aged 12-23 months who visited the research public health centers means the period of January to December 2012 and was diagnosed as a case of pneumonia. Control is a neighbor of the case, the ratio of the number of cases and controls is 1:1. Minimum sample size for each of as many as 133 - each group. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Major association children under five who are not exclusively breastfed for the occurrence of pneumonia had an OR of 3.58 (95% CI: 2.08 to 6.19) than those who are breastfed exclusively after controlling for confounders.
This study reinforces previous research that proves the strength of association of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Focusing on areas with a number of high incidence of cases of pneumonia, the health department and public health center could further enhance the promotion and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding, creating a smoke-free area at the household level, reduction in exposure to combustion fumes in the house, increasing maternal knowledge of risk factors associated pneumonia.
Transition of epidemiology has made a non-communicable diseases becoming the new health problems in the world. Cervical cancer is one of the problems. Globocan study in 2008 have shown that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer that leading causes more than 80% of deaths in women living in developing countries. In Indonesia there are 15.000 new cases of cervical cancer reported each year.
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In Sukamaju Baru Village, ARI cases among children under five have shown an increasing trend in recent years, peaking in 2022 with 5,135 cases. This study aims to identify the most influential factors associated with ARI incidence among children under five in Sukamaju Baru Village in 2024. This research employs a case-control study design with a total sample of 140, consisting of 70 cases and 70 controls. The case group comprises children under five diagnosed with ARI by healthcare workers at the Sukamaju Baru Public Health Center, while the control group includes children under five who were not diagnosed with ARI and resided in the same neighborhood unit (RW) as the case group. Data analysis includes bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test and multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic regression model based on determinant factors. The results of this study indicate that out of 15 variables examined, 8 were found to be significantly associated with ARI incidence among children under five. These variables include immunization status (OR = 2.20), maternal knowledge (OR = 2.39), waste-burning habits (OR = 0.35), wall type (OR = 2.36), bedroom ventilation area (OR = 2.71), household density (OR = 2.48), humidity (OR = 3.27), and natural lighting (OR = 2.14). Among these, the bedroom ventilation area was identified as the most dominant factor influencing ARI incidence. This study highlights that most ARI risk factors for children under five in Sukamaju Baru Village are related to the physical environment of the home. Therefore, further efforts are needed to improve the prevalence of healthy homes in the area, with a primary focus on increasing ventilation area.
