Abstrak: The serial interval (SI) of human influenza virus infections is often described by a single distribution. Understanding sources of variation in the SI could provide valuable information for understanding influenza transmission dynamics. Using data from a randomized household study of nonpharmaceutical interventions to prevent influenza transmission in Bangkok, Thailand, over 34 months between 2008 and 2011, we estimated the influence of influenza virus type/subtype and other characteristics of 251 pediatric index cases and their 315 infected household contacts on estimates of household SI. The mean SI for all households was 3.3 days. Relative to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (3.1 days), the SI for influenza B (3.7 days) was 22% longer (95% confidence interval: 4, 43), or about half a day. The SIs for influenza viruses A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) were similar to that for A(H1N1)pdm09. SIs were shortest for older index cases (age 11-14 years) and for younger infected household contacts (age ≤15 years). Greater time spent in proximity to the index child was associated with shorter SIs. Differences in the SI might reflect differences in incubation period, viral shedding, contact, or susceptibility. These findings could improve parameterization of mathematical models to better predict the impact of epidemic or pandemic influenza mitigation strategies.

Abstrak: MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy) has been shown to be more effective than nonadjuvanted vaccine in the elderly population. Here we present results from a large-scale, observational, noninterventional, prospective postlicensure study that evaluated the safety of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine in elderly subjects aged 65 years or more. The study was performed in 5 northern Italian health districts during the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. The choice of vaccine-either adjuvanted vaccine or a nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine-was determined by individual providers on the basis of local influenza vaccination policy. Hospitalizations for potential adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were identified from hospital databases and then reviewed against recognized case definitions to identify confirmed cases of AESI. Cumulative incidences were calculated for AESIs in predefined biologically plausible time windows, as well as in a 6-month window following vaccination. During the 3-year study period, 170,988 vaccine doses were administered to a total of 107,661 persons. Despite the large study size, cases of AESI resulting in hospitalization were rare, and risks of AESI were similar in both the MF59-adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted vaccination groups. In conclusion, similar safety profiles were observed for both nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines in elderly recipients.

Abstrak:

Kekhawatran global tentang terjadinya pandemi influenza menempatkan Asia, termasuk Asia Teggara menjadi wilayah yang harus dicermati. Beberapa upaya pengendaliannya telah banyak dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia, melalui koordinasi Komite Nasional Flu Burung dan Kesiapsiagaan Menghadapi Pandemi Influenza (Komnas FBPI). Beberapa kebijakan telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah diantaranya adalah Rencana Penyiapan dan Kontingensi Nasional Pandemi Influenza (Indonesia National Pandemi Preparedness and Contigency Plan) serta Respon Nasional Menghadapi Pandemi Influenza di Indonesia. Sehubungan dengan dampak pandemi influenza terhadap bisnis/usaha, maka pemerintah mendorong perusahaan untuk memulai perencanaan dari sekarang, untuk meyakinkan bahwa bisnis/usaha tetap berlangsung pada saat pandemi tersebut terjadi Untuk mengantisipasi dampak pandemi pada sektor usaha tersebut, diperlukan penyusunan rencana keberlangsungan usaha. Rencana keberlangsungan usaha merupakan suatu perencanaan yang dibuat oleh lembaga usaha dalam rangka mengurangi penyebaran virus pandemi influena di masyarakat dengan tetap mempertahankan keberlangsungan usaha Beberapa peraturan dan kebijakan yang telah dikeluarkan tidak menjadi jaminan dalam pengendalian pandemi influenza. Indonesia memerlukan SDM yang andal, alokasi dana cukup dan komitmen perusahaan yang kuat serta koordinasi yang prima. Kata kunci: Pandemi Influenza, Kebijakan, Business Continuity Plan

---

 

Global concerns pertaining the occurrence of influenza pandemic has put Asia continent including south east asia become the region which has to be observed. Several efforts to control the pandemic has been conducted by Indonesian government, through its organization called Komite Nasional Flu Bururng dan Kesiapsiagaan Menghadapi Pandemi Influenza (Konmas FBPI). Some policies has been enacted by the government, such as Indonesia National Pandemi Preparedness and Contingency Plan and also National Response in Facing Influenza Pandemic in Indonesia. In connection with the effect of influenza pandemic to business world, the government encouraged companies from now to start planning in taking steps to avoid it happen, and to make sure that business operational will keep running when the pandemic is really occurred. To anticipate the effect of pandemic in business sector, preparation of business continuity plan is needed. Business continuity plan is a planning which is prepared by a business entity in reducing the spread of influenza pandemic virus in society and at the same time maintaining the continuity of business operational. Several regulations and policies enacted by the government are not a guarantee in avoiding the occurrence of influenza pandemic. Indonesia needs qualified human resources, enough allocation of funding, strong commitment from companies, and good coordination. Keywords: Influenza Pandemic, Policy, Business Continuity Plan

Abstrak: Latar Belakang: Sejarah mencatat telah terjadi empat kali pandemi Influenza dengan penularan besar dan mengakibatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Hingga akhir tahun 2016 didapatkan proporsi kasus positif Influenza sebesar 11% di Indonesia. Keparahan Influenza pada pasien Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) belum diketahui. Tujuan:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keparahan Influenza berdasarkan data sekunder surveilans Influenza di rumah sakit sentinel di Jakarta Timur tahun 2011-2014 Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder surveilans Influenza di 6 (enam) rumah sakit sentinel pada pasien Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) di Jakarta Timur pada September 2011 hingga Agustus 2014. Dengan responden berasal dari pasien rawat inap di rumah sakit sentinel tersebut yang positif Influenza (PCR-RT Influenza). Keparahan dinilai berdasarkan lama rawat inap (>4 hari), dirawat di ruang HCU/ICU dan penggunaan ventilator mekanik. Variabel yang diukur adalah umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, penyakit pernapasan penyerta, penyakit kronis penyerta, kontak anggota serumah demam yang disertai batuk/nyeri tenggorok, waktu mencari pengobatan, status rokok,musim dan tipe Influenza. Analisis yang digunakan adalah Cox Regression yang mengestimasi nilai Prevalence Ratio (PR). Hasil: Terdapat 571 kasus Influenza positif dengan 259 Influenza Berat dan 312 Influenza Sedang. Hasil analisis multivariat yang menggunakan analisis Cox Regression mengungkapkan bahwa faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan Influenza Berat: adalah usia ≥65 tahun memiliki Prevalence Ratio 1,63 kali (p value= 0,025, CI 95%= 1,065-2,506) mengalami Influenza Berat dibandingkan usia 5-64 tahun. Selain itu faktor risiko lainnya adalah terkena Influenza saat musim hujan (PR=1,59, CI 95%= 1,061-2,398) dan waktu berobat ≤3 hari (PR=1,43; CI 95%=1,121-1,841). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara umur, musim dan waktu berobat dengan keparahan Influenza pada pasien SARI di rumah sakit sentinel Jakarta Timur. Kata Kunci: faktor risiko, keparahan Influenza, SARI, rumah sakit sentinel.

---

Background: There have been four times of Influenza pandemic with high transmission, high morbidity and mortality in history. Up to the end of 2016 there were 11% of Influenza positive cases in Indonesia. Influenza severity in Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) is unknown. Objectives: This study aims to determine the severity of Influenza based on secondary data of Influenza surveillance at Sentinel Hospital in East Jakarta 2011-2014 Ministry of Health RI. Method: This study used cross sectional study design using secondary data of Influenza surveillance at 6 (six) Sentinel hospitals in East Jakarta from September 2011 to August 2014. Respondents coming from inpatients with positive Influenza by RT-PCR in sentinel hospital. Severity assessed by length of stay (>4 days), admission to HCU/ICU chambers and use of mechanical ventilators. Independent variables in this research were age, sex, occupation, respiratory disease, chronic disease, contact household with fever and cough/sore throat, time to seek treatment, cigarette status, season and type of Influenza. The analysis used Cox Regression to estimates Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results: There were 571 cases of positive Influenza with 259 Severe Influenza and 312 Moderate Influenza. The results of a multivariate analysis using Cox Regression analysis revealed that risk factors associated with severe influenza ≥65 years had Prevalence Ratio of 1,63 times (p value = 0,025, 95% CI = 1,065-2,506) had Severe Influenza than in 5-64 years. In addition, other risk factors were affected by Influenza during the rainy season (PR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1,061-2,398) and treatment time ≤3 days (PR = 1,43; 95% CI = 1,121-1,841). Conclusion: This study concluded that factors associated with Influenza severity in SARI patients at Sentinel hospital in East Jakarta were age, season and time to seek treatment. Keywords: Influenza severity, risk factor, SARI, sentinel hospital.