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ABSTRAK Nama : Januar Tree Kencana Program Studi: Epidemiologi Judul : Hubungan Status Imunisasi dan Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Difteri Pada Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di Kabupaten Serang Propinsi Banten Tahun 2017-2018 Pembimbing : Dr. dr. Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono, M.Sc Penyakit difteri disebabkan oleh infeksi corynebacterium diphteriae merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi, penyakit ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang serius karena seringkali menimbulkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) di berbagai negara maupun belahan dunia. Berdasarkan data Kementerian Kesehatan pada tahun 2017 telah terjadi KLB difteri di 20 propinsi dan 95 kabupaten / kota di Indonesia, termasuk Propinsi Banten dan salah satunya adalah di Kabupaten Serang. Di kabupaten Serang Status imunisasi dan statu gizi masyarakat masih menjadi masalah kesehatan, Cakupan imunisasi yang masih rendah di beberapa Desa dalam kecamatan dan status gizi buruk masih ditemukan, oleh karenanya penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan status imunisasi dan status gizi dengan kejadian difteri pada KLB di kabupaten Serang Propinsi Banten Tahun 2017-2018. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dimana variabel penelitiannya adalah status imunisasi dan status gizi serta variabel kovariat yaitu lingkungan fisik tempat tinggal, pengetahuan dan riwayat bepergian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik di dapatkan hasil bahwa status imunisasi mempunyai OR : 3,777 95% CI = 1.48 -9.60 P Value 0.005 sedangkan Status Gizi memiliki OR : 1,23 90% CI = 0.44 – 3,41 P Value 0,680 setelah dikontrol dengan Variabel Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Pengetahuan, Riwayat Bepergian, lingkungan fisik Rumah, pencahayaan alami, Kelembaban dan kepadatan Hunian. Kata Kunci : Difteri, Kasus Kontrol, Kejadian Luar Biasa
ABSTRACT Nama : Januar Tree Kencana Study Program: Epidemiology Title : The Relationship between Immunization and Nutritional Status with Diphtheria Outbreaks in Serang Regency, Banten Province 2017-2018. Background: Diphtheria as a one of the most contagious diseases that can be prevented by immunization (VPD) is still a serious health problem because it often causes outbreak in various countries including Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, during 2017 there have been diphtheria outbreaks in 20 provinces and 95 regency/cities including Serang Regency.This study aims to determine the relationship between immunization and nutritional status with the diphtheria outbreaks in Serang Regency of Banten Province in 2017-2018. Methods: This study was an analytic study using case control design with 172 respondents consisting of 43 cases and 129 controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain an estimate of the relationship between immunization and nutritional status with diphtheria after controlled covariate variables. Result: Proportion of immunization and good nutrition in the case is lower than in control. Immunization and nutrition in both cases were 51.2% and 76.7% while in controls were 77.5% and 81.4%. The association (OR) between immunization status and diphtheria was 3.78 (95% CI: 1.48-9.60) after controlling to age, room density and natural house lighting while the association (OR) between nutritional status and diphtheria was 1.23 (95% CI: 0.44-3.41) after controlling to age, knowledge, humidity, and immunization status. Conclusions: The proportion of immunization in diphtheria cases is still low. Nonimmunization status are at risk for diphtheria 3.78 times. The Health Office is expected to conduct routine monitoring and evaluation of basic immunization programs, especially in areas with low coverage and provide information to the community about diphtheria, including factors such as immunization, nutrition, and the physical environment of the house. Keywords: Diphtheria, Case Control, Outbreak.
Measles is one of the leading causes of death among children although safe and cost-effective vaccines are available. By 2015, there are 134 200 deaths from global measles and about 367 deaths every day or 15 deaths every hour. Measles Vaccination resulted in a 79% reduction in measles deaths between 2000 and 2015 worldwide. Despite reaching the target of more than 90% coverage of measles immunization in Cigudeg and Ciampea villages, there is still an extraordinary incidence of measles in these two villages by 2016. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with measles incidence in the extraordinary incidence of measles in villages of Cigudeg and Ciampea Bogor Regency in 2016. The study design using case control study with a ratio of 1: 3 resulted in a sample consisting of 36 cases and 108 controls with a strength of 80% test having 95% confidence degree. The result of the analysis by using logistic regression was found that the risk factors associated with measles incidence in measles outbreaks in Villages Cigudeg and Ciampea Bogor Regency in 2016 were significantly immunized (OR = 3.44; 95% CI: 1.09 - P = 0,034), air ventilation area (OR = 4,7; 95% CI: 1.47 - 15.39: P value = 0.009) and contact history (OR = 28.6; 95% CI 9.06 - 90.42; P value = 0.000). Measles immunization coverage in villages Cigudeg and Ciampea has reached more than 90%, but not yet able to make the village has a group immunity against measles, so the need for further studies or research on it. Keywords: Measles, Outbreak, Immunization, Bogor District.
ABSTRAK Campak atau kerumut dalam bahasa Banjar adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi yang dapat di cegah dengan imunisasi dan masih masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Penyakit ini secara umum menyerang anak usia dibawah lima tahun (balita) yang di sebabkan oleh virus morbili. Di Kota Banjarmasin meskipun keberhasilan cakupan imunisasi campak telah mencapai lebih dari 90%, dan kelurahan yang telah mencapai UCI sebanyak 51 kelurahan, namun demikian berdasarkan laporan surveilans dinas kesehatan kota Banjarmasin selama 2011 dilaporkan telah terjadi kejadian luar biasa kasus campak sebanyak 5 kali, dengan 147 kasus. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian campak pada anak usia 0?59 bulan di Kota Banjarmasin Tahun 2011. Untuk itu digunakan pendekatan desain kasus kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian campak pada anak usia (0?59 bln) adalah pendidikan Ibu (OR= 13,88), pendidikan bapak (OR =6,33), status imunisasi campak (OR= 4,64), umur anak (OR=2,46), sedangkan faktor yang bersifat protektif adalah vitamin A (OR=0,34), dan penghasilan keluarga (OR=0,18). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa anak yang di imunisasi campak mempunyai orang tua yang berpendidikan baik, berpenghasilan cukup dan mendapat vitamin A dua kali dalam setahun dapat mengurangi angka kejadian campak. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan untuk memperbaiki kebenaran cakupan imunisasi, memberikan pelatihan safe injection dan cold chain bagi petugas pelaksana di puskesmas, penyuluhan kesehatan dengan bahasa daerah, pemberian vitamin A dan memberikan prioritas peningkatan program pada daerah dengan tingkat pendidikan Ibu dan Bapak yang rendah, serta berpenghasilan kurang sebagai sasaran di Kota Banjarmasin untuk menurunkan angka kejadian campak pada anak (0-59 bulan).
ABSTRACT Measles or kerumut in Banjar is one of the infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization and health in Indonesia is still a problem. This disease generally attacks children under five years of age (infants) which is caused by a virus morbili. In the city of Banjarmasin despite the success of measles immunization coverage has reached more than 90%, and the village which has reached as many as 51 villages UCI, however, based on surveillance reports Banjarmasin city health department is reported to have occurred during the 2011 outbreak of measles cases as much as 5 times, with 147 case. The study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of measles in children aged 0-59 months in the city of Banjarmasin in 2011. For that use case-control design approach. The results showed that the main factors that influence the incidence of measles in children aged (0-59 months) is the mother of education (OR = 13.88), the father of education (OR = 6.33), measles immunization status (OR = 4.64 ), age of child (OR = 2.46), whereas protective factors are vitamin A (OR = 0.34), and family income (OR = 0.18). This study concluded that children who have measles immunization in the elderly are well educated, and have income sufficient vitamin A twice a year can reduce the incidence of measles. From these results it is advisable to fix the truth of immunization coverage, providing safe injection training and cold chain for executive officers at the health center, health education in local languages, provision of vitamin A and gives priority to improve the program in areas with high levels of education are low mother and father, as well as earn less as a target in the city of Banjarmasin to reduce the incidence of measles in children (0-59 months).
Health Law Number 36 of 2009 states that every child deserved in basic immunizationaccording the provisions to prevent the occurrence of diseases that can be avoided throughimmunization. The government is also required to provide a complete basic immunizationto every baby and child. In 2017, Depok became outbreak with 12 cases suspectdiphtheria and 1 person died. The city of Depok is an area with high transmission potentialfor communicable diseases due to high population and high mobility. Complete BasicImmunization (IDL) is one of the old immunization policy implemented but has not metthe expected success. Complete Basic Immunization Program is one of the oldimmunization policy programs implemented but has not met the expected success. Theimplementation analysis is intended to see how the implementation of the complete basicimmunization program at the Puskesmas. This research is a qualitative research with in-depth interview technique and related document study which using the policyimplementation theory of Van Meter and Van Horn based on 6 (six) variables. The resultsobtained that the standard and objective have not been fully achieved. Resources areconstrained by incentive indicators that have not been felt optimally in supporting theoptimal implementation of complete basic immunization in Puskesmas. Inter-organizational communication is good. Characteristic of implementing agencies areconstrained by human resource constraints. Disposition of implementors supported, butstill found some implementers who are not orderly. Economic and political conditions aregood, but social condition are not yet supportive. Conclusion found that implementationof complete basic immunization in Depok still has constraints in each variable and needto be done process of fulfillment of less variable. The recommendation of this research isthe success of implementation will be achieved if the improvement of deficiency, bothfrom the side of standard and objective, policy resources, interorganizationalcommunication, characteristic of implementing agencies, disposition of implementors,and social, economy, political condition. Barriers to existing programs can be overcomeby optimizing the Puskesmas's authority as a regional coach.
