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ABSTRAK Nama : Stevy Elisabeth Dame Simamora Program Studi : Epidemiologi Judul : Pengaruh Paparan Asap Rokok Dari Suami Pada Wanita Usia 15-57 Tahun Dengan Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah Di Indonesia (Analisis Data Lanjutan IFLS V Tahun 2014) Pembimbing : DR. dr. Sudarto Ronoatmodjo S.K.M., M.Sc Di Indonesia berdasarkan hasil riskesdas tahun 2013 menunjukkan angka nasional BBLR yaitu sekitar 10,2%. Berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan oleh Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) tahun 2011 diperoleh hasil bahwa 67% laki-laki di Indonesia merokok. (1) Sementara itu pada tahun 2011-2015 prevalensi perokok pasif yang terpapar asap rokok di rumah sekitar 78.4%, lebih dari separuh perokok pasif adalah kelompok rentan seperti perempuan dan balita. (2). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menegetahui hubungan paparan asap rokok dari suami pada wanita usia 15-57 tahun dengan kejadian BBLR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menegetahui hubungan paparan asap rokok dari suami pada wanita usia 15-57 tahun dengan kejadian BBLR. Penelitian ini menganalisis data IFLS V tahun 2014.Jumlah wanita usia 15-57 tahun yang menjadi responden IFLS V sebanyak 2.721 orang. Sebanyak 1.599 orang menjadi total sampel karena telah memenuhi syarat kriteria inklusi yaitu wanita usia 15 – 57 tahun dengan anak kelahiran terakhir yang lahir hidup dalam kurun waktu 2007-2015, Pernah melahirkan. Sedangkan kriteria ekslusi yaitu : data tentang riwayat merokok suamidan variabel kovariat tidak lengkap, dan ibu merupakan perokok aktif. Proporsi ibu usia 15-57 tahun yang terpapar asap rokok dari suami adalah 73,5 % . Proporsi bayi dengan berat lahir rendah yang dilahirkan oleh ibu yang terpapar asap rokok dari suami pada penelitian ini adalah 7,74 %, dan proporsi bblr pada ibu yang tidak terpapar asap rokok dari suami yaitu 6,86%. Terdapat hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara merokok pasif pada ibu usia 15-57 tahun dengan kejadian BBLR dengan 1,096 (CI 95% 0,721-1,66) setelah dikontrol oleh variabel riwayat kunjungan ANC. Pengaruh paparan asap rokok terhadap kejadian BBLR setelah dikontrol oleh variabel riwayat kunjungan ANC tidak bermakna. Meskipun faktor yang mempengaruhi BBLR sangat banyak dan kompleks, namun hal ini dapat dicegah sejak dini. Salah satunya melalui melindungi masyarakat dari paparan asap rokok melalui upaya pencegahan dan promosi kesehatan. Kata Kunci : bblr,merokok pasif, IFLS
ABSTRACT Name : Stevy Elisabeth Dame Simamora Study Program : Epidemiology Title : The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure From Husbands In Women Aged 15-57 Years With Low Birth Weight In Indonesia (Advanced Data Analysis of IFLS V 2014) Counsellor : DR. dr. Sudarto Ronoatmodjo S.K.M., M.Sc In Indonesia based on the results of Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) in 2013 shows the national rate of LWB is about 10.2%. Based on a survey conducted by Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 2011, it was found that 67% of men in Indonesia smoke. (1) Meanwhile in 2011-2015 the prevalence of passive smokers exposed to cigarette smoke at home is about 78.4%, more than half of passive smokers are vulnerable groups such as women and toddlers. (2). Objective: This study to see the effect of exposure to husbands cigarette smoke with the LWB. Method: This study analyzed IFLS V data in 2014. A total of 1,599 people into the total sample because it has fulfilled the inclusion criteria, namely women aged 15 - 57 years with the last born birth of children in the period 2007-2015, Ever give birth. While the exclusion criteria are: data about husbans smoking history and covariate variable is incomplete, and mother is active smoker. Results: 73.5% of husbands were smokers. The proportion of infants with low birth weight born to mothers exposed to cigarette smoke from husbands in this study was 7.74%, and the proportion of bblr in mothers not exposed to cigarette smoke from husbands was 6.86%. There was no significant relationship between passive smoking in women aged 15-57 years with LWB incidence with 1.096 (95% CI 0.721-1.66) after controlled by antenatal care (ANC) visit variables. Conclusion: The effect of exposure to husbands smoke with the LWB after controlled by antenatal care (ANC) visit history variable is not significant. Although the factors that affect LBW are very numerous and complex, but this can be prevented early on. One of them through protecting people from exposure to cigarette smoke through prevention efforts and health promotion. Key words : LWB, passive smoker, IFLS
In the past ten years, there has been a decline in the prevalence of early marriage by 3,5%, namely 14,67% in 2008 to 11,21% in 2018. However, the decline has not yet reached the expected target and is relatively slow. This study aims to determine the effect of early marriage on the incidence of stunting in children 0-24 months in Indonesia. The research design used was cross sectional using secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014 with a sample of 1.307 respondents. The result showed that the prevalence of early marriage in 2007 was 29,0% decreased in 2014 to 24,1%. Likewise, the prevalence of stunting in children 024 months decreased, namely 32,6% in 2007 to 31,3% in 2014. Analysis of Multiple Logistic Regression shows early marriage affects the incidence of stunting of children aged 0-24 months, with value of OR = 1,57. The effect of early marriage on stunting differs according to age at first delivery and breastfeeding history. To prevent the practice of early marriage, the government is expected to disseminate the Marriage Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning the minimum aged for marriage for women and men is 19 years for the whole community. In addition, increasing efforts to integrated antenatal services, as well as breastfeeding and feeding counseling to children, especially for adolescent mothers.
Indonesia has a serious burden of cardiovascular disease, especially CHD. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has the highest death rate from heart disease. The prevalence of CHD based on doctor's diagnosis did not increase, however, based on the Riskesdas 2013-2018, there was an increase in the prevalence of CHD risk factors. Several risk factors for CHD that occur together cause metabolic syndrome, the prevalence is quite high in Indonesia and increases the risk of CHD. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of metabolic syndrome on the incidence of CHD in Indonesia. This retrospective cohort study, was followed up with a median of 6.8 years, secondary data from IFLS4 in 2007 and IFLS5 in 2014, population study 6,571 respondents, aged 40-69 years. The results of the study found that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 20%, based on the Joint Interim Statement criteria. New cases of CHD are 2.72%, with an incidence rate of 34 CHD per 100,000 person years. Multivariate analysis with cox regression test found HR 2.16 (95% CI 1.564-2.985), that someone with metabolic syndrome had a twice higher risk of developing CHD after adjusting gender, age, smoking status, and physical activity
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally or to produce enough insulin. Within 5 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population aged 15 years and above increased from 6.9% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2018. This study aims to determine the effect of obesity on type 2 DM in Indonesia, with a research design retrospective cohort. The data used comes from IFLS-1 and IFLS-5 with a sample of 4,707 and analyzed using cox regression test. The results of this study showed that 7.4% of the sample had type 2 diabetes. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was an effect of obesity and age in 1993 on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in 2014; and there is a relationship between consumption of fast food, consumption of soft drinks, consumption of fruit, physical activity, and area of residence in 2014 with type 2 DM. Meanwhile, consumption of fried snacks, consumption of sweet snacks, consumption of vegetables and nutritional status in 2014, habits smoking in 1993, was not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. The conclusion of this study is that the nutritional status of obesity has a 5.62 times risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to normal nutritional status after controlling for variables of age, nutritional status in 2014, and the area of residence as confounding.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the insulin that is made cannot be used effectively. Diabetes mellitus itself in the last 20 years shows an increasing incidence. Diabetes risk factors such as being overweight (obesity), unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity account for about 80% of the increase in diabetes prevalence. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sedentary and diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This study uses data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey 5 in 2014/2015 with a cross-sectional design and obtained 3985 weighted respondents. Univariate statistical analysis, bivariate using chi-square (CI: 95%) and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression test. From 3985 respondents, 291 (7.8%) diabetic respondents and 583 (14.04%) sedentary respondents. The results of multivariate analysis showed a sedentary relationship with diabetes mellitus after controlling for confounding variables (OR 1.5 95% CI: 1.07-2.11). It is concluded that reducing sedentary habits is good to do to prevent the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, and the need for changes in lifestyle to be healthier to prevent diabetes mellitus.
Childhood obesity is a health problem that has a long-term negative impact on children. The prevalence of hypertension in young adults continues to increase year by year and it is suggested that childhood obesity affects hypertension in adulthood. This study aims to determine the effect of obesity as a child under the age of five (0-59 months) on adult hypertension (21-26 years). This retrospective cohort study data were from IFLS 1 in 1993 and IFLS 5 in 2014, with a total of 596 respondents under the age of five after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study showed that 15,1% of the children have hypertension as adults, with the proportion of overweight children having hypertension being 17,4%. Variables significantly related to the incidence of hypertension were gender, nutritional status of obese adults, consumption of fast food, consumption of soft drinks, and smoking habits. Multivariate analysis found that childhood obesity lower the risk for hypertension by 0.83 times compared to normal nutritional status after being controlled by smoking habits and adult nutritional status variables, but this relationship was not statistically significant.
Obesity is a global problem that is increasingly found in various countries. Obesity is closely related to other non-communicable disease problems and causes death in 2,80 million adults each year. Several studies have found that obesity is also caused by an individual growth status in early age. Meanwhile, the prevalence of obesity as adults in developing countries has also increased, the prevalence of malnutrition in childhood was high. Several studies have shown that there is a catch- up growth phenomenon that results in excess nutrition in the future. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stunting in childhood to the risk of obesity in adulthood in Indonesia based on analysis of Indonesia Family Life Survey data in 1993 and 2014. We used a retrospective cohort study. The sample size was 588 respondents based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the nutritional status of stunting in children associated with the risk of obesity in adolescent (p=0,003). The results of the multivariate analysis also showed that respondents with stunting nutritional status in children tended to be 1,63 (95% CI 1,18-2,27) times at risk of developing obesity in adolescent after controlling for the variables of history of maternal obesity, sex, birth weight, and area of residence. It is necessary to strengthen specific nutrition programs, such as antenatal care examinations for pregnant women and provision of additional food for pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency. In addition, there are efforts to strengthen education for teenager when they start entering puberty, by consuming foods that consist of high protein such as eggs, milk, meat, fish, cheese, shellfish, and shrimp. Plant-based or nabati protein is also recommended for consumption such as tempe, tofu, and nuts.