LATAR BELAKANG: Terbang dengan menggunakan pesawat yang memiliki kecepatan tinggi melebihi kecepatan suara (high performance air craft), yang mampu menghasilkan akselerasi +5Gz sampai +9Gz bahkan lebih terutama pada saat melakukan manuver, merupakan suatu tantangan tersendiri yang membutuhkan kepaiawaian dan sikap profesional. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi relaxed +Gz force tolerance seperti mean arterial pressure, hasil puncak ekspirasi dan posisi tubuh.METODE: Desain penelitian adalah studi korelasi, yang dilakukan di Lakespra Saryanto Jakarta. Dengan menggunakan populasi semua bakal calon penerbang TNI AU dan subyek dipilih secara random sederhana, semua yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diambil. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 31 orang, data yang dikumpulkan berasal dari kuesioner, pencatatan human centrifuge. Hasil penelitian kemudian dilakukan uji statistik berupa analisis regresi inner untnk melihat pengaruh arus puncak ekspirasi terhadap relaxed+Gz force tolerance serta faktor faal yang berpengaruh.HASIL: Rata-rata relaxed +G, -force tolerance 7,51 ± 0,71 G, selanjutnya beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap relaxed +Gr force tolerance antara lain arus puncak ekspirasi: koefisien regresi sebesar -0,358 dan kemaknaan p = 0,073; mean arterial pressure: koefisien regresi sebesar 0,047 dan kemaknaan p = 0,065, serta forced expiratory in 1 second: koefisien regresi sebesar 1,246 dan kemaknaan p = 0,012) dan yang paling dominan adalah-forced expiratory in l second.KESIMPULAN: Relaxed ±Gz force tolerance dipengaruhi oleh arus puncak ekspirasi. Di samping itu relaxed G tolerance berkaitan pula dengan mean arterial pressure dan FEV1.

BACKGROUND: The Influence of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate to Relaxed +Gz Force Tolerance at Human Centrifuge Training in Pilot Candidates of Indonesian Air Force 2002BACK GROUND: Flying high performance fighter aircraft is a challenging and demanding profession which regularly imposes significant acceleration force on pilot, particularly during air combat maneuvering, in which +Gz level of +5 to ±9 G or more are frequently experienced. Relaxed +Gz force tolerance is influenced by mean arterial pressure, peak expiratory flow rate and body position.METHODS: Correlation study design was chosen for this research in Lakespra Saryanto. Simple random sampling is used to choose the subject from all pilot candidates in the population. Thirty one subjects were selected consecutively according to inclusion criteria. Data collected from questionnaire, human centrifuge records. The results were analyzed by linear regression analysis to evaluate the influence of peak expiratory flow rate and relaxed +Gz tolerance, and other physiological factors which might influence the relaxed +Gz tolerance.RESULTS: The mean value of relaxed +Crz tolerance was 7,51 ± 0,71G. Several factors that influence of relaxed +Gz tolerance was peak expiratory rate (regression coefficient - 0,358, p = 0,073); mean arterial pressure (regression coefficient =0,047, p = 0,065); forced expiratory volume in 1 second (regression coefficient 1,246, p = 0,012). The most dominant was forced expiratory volume in 1 second.CONCLUSIONS: Relaxed +Gz force tolerance was influenced by peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory volume in 1 second and mean arterial pressure.

LATAR BELAKANG: Di Indonesia faktor yang mempengaruhi terkendalinya gejala putus opiat belum diketahui. Dengan mengetahui faktor-faktor tersebut dapat dipakai untuk prognostik terkendalinya gejala putus opiat, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian hal tersebut.METODE: Penelitian kohor historikal pasien ketergantungan opiat yang dirawat inap di RS Ketergantungan Obat 1 Januari 2000-31 Desmber 2001. Semua pasien wanita (60 orang) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diambil, dan pasien laki-laki diambil 130 secara sistematik dari 914 pasien laki-laki yang masuk kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dengan survival analysis menggunakan cox proportional hazard untuk mencari perhitungan pengendalian gejala putus opiat.HASIL: Waktu yang diperlukan untuk terkendalinya gejala putus opiat antara 3 - 16 hari dengan rata-rata 9 hari. Umur terbanyak 21-30 tahun dengan rata-rata 23 tahun. Umur termuda pertama kali menyalahgunakan opiat adalah 12 tahun, lama penyalahgunaan antara 6 bulan sampai 15 tahun, cara pakai sebagian besar (88,4%) menggunakan jarum suntik. Kebanyakan adalah pengangguran (54,2%). Faktor pemberian terapi tidak bermakna secara statistik dalam pengendalian gejala putus opiat. Gender laki-laki lebih mudah terkendali 1,71 kali dibanding gender perempuan (CI 95% 1,17; 2,49; p O,006).KESIMPULAN: Perempuan lebih susah dikendalikan gejala putus opiatnya, oleh karena itu memerlukan perhatian lebih banyak dibandingkan gender laki-laki.Gender and Risk That Can Handle Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome for Opiate Dependency

BACKGROUND: Factors can influence opiate withdrawal syndrome in Indonesia there is no detail data. With the most important factor, could be better to manage them especially when they are being hospitalized.METHODS: Cohort historical study about opiate dependence patients who are being hospitalized in Drug Dependence Hospital Jakarta from January 1st  2000 to December 31st 2001.  All the women include in criteria as a sample (60 patients), and 130 male patients as a sample with systematic sampling from 914 patients can include in criteria. Data analysis with the survival analysis, using cox proportional hazard to find number of controlled opiate withdrawal syndrome.RESULTS: The opiate withdrawal syndrome can be controlled in 3 - 16 days and 9 days in average. The range of age is 2151 to 30 years old and 23 years old in average. The youngest age using opiate is 12 years old. The length of abuse is between 6 month to 15 years, using needle is 88,4 %, mostly is jobless (54,2%). Treatment factor is not significant statistically. Men is easier to control, it's about 1,71 times than women (CI 95 % 1,71;2,49, p = 0,006)CONCLUSIONS: Women need more attention to get at the best results opiate withdrawal syndrome.

Latar belakang: Prevalensi hipertensi semakin meningkat, demikian pula bipertensi derajat 2 yang paling tinggi risikonya berkornplikasi. Pegawai negeri sipil (PNS) juga rentan menderita hipertensi. Oleh karena itu perlu diidentifikasi faktor-faktor risiko apa saja yang berperan terhadap kejadian hipertensi derajat 2 di kalangan PNS. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kasus adalah PNS yang menderita hipertensi derajat 2 (berdasarlam mc 7 2003), sedangkan kontrol adaIah mereka yang nonnatensi. Baik kasus, maupun kontrol dipilih dengan metode diagnostik yang sarana. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kalangan PNS staf administrasi Universitas Hasanuddin pada bulan April-Mei 2007 dengan jumlah PNS 850. Hasil:, Diperoleh 55 kasus dan 177 kontrol berusia 26-69 tahun. Prevalensi hipertensi derajat I dan derajat 2 masing-masing sebesar 18,1 % dan 9,3%. Risiko hipertensi derajat 2 berhubungan dengan umur , indeks massa tubuh dan aktivitas olah raga. Sedangkan jenis, kelamin, tingkat pendidikan terakhir, status pernikahan, kegiatan fisik rumah hingga kebiasaan merokok dan minum kopi, golongan kepegawaian, mesa kerja, Riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga dan stres kerja tidak terbukti berkaitan dengan hipertensi derajat 2. Jika dibandingkan yang berusia 26-35 tahun, mereka yang berusia 46-50 dan 51-69 tahun berisiko menderita hipertensi derajat 2 masing-masing 12 kaIi (rasio odds [OR) suaian ; 11,94; 95% intetval kepercayaan [IK) ; 1,48-96,11) dan 22 kali (OR; 21,16; 95% IK ; 2,58-183,81). Selanjutnya jika dibandingkan mereka yang berbadan normal maka yang obesitas beosiko terkena hipertensi derajat 2 sebesar 2,5 kali (OR. suaion ~ 2,52; 95% IK ~ 1,26-5,03). Sedangkan olah raga dengan intensitas sedang dapat memperkecil risiko hipertensi sebesar 11% (OR suaian ; 0,29; 95% IK = O,O9-{l,99) dibandingkan yang tidak berolahraga. Kesimpulan: Studi menyimpulkan bahwa faktor yang betperan terhadap hipertensi derajat 2 pada PNS administrasi di Unhas adalah umur diatas 46 tahun dan obesitas sedangkan olah raga sedang dapat menurunkan fisika hipertensi.

Background: At the present, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing and will result in many complications. Civil servants are 8 group with a great possibility of suffering hypertension. Therefore, it is important to identify the risk factors in stage 2 hypertension of administrative civil servants of Hasanuddin University. Methods: A case-control study was conducted among administrative civil servants of Hasanuddin University in April-May 2007. Civil servants with stage 2 hypertension (based on JNC 7 2003) were designated as cases. As controls were civil "wants with normotension. Both case and control were selected by similar diagnostic methods. Results: There were 55 cases and 1 n controls aged 26 to 69 years old. The prevalence of stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension was 18.1% and 9.3%, respectively. Stage 2 hypertension was found to be associated with age, body posture, and physical exercise. other risk factors such as gender, education, marital status, physical activity at home, smoking, daily coffee drinking, level of employment, length of employment, family history of hypertension, and job stress were not found to be related to stage 2 hypertension. Compared with subjects aged 26-35 years old, those who were 46-50 and 51-69 years old had 12-f,,1d (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR.] ~ 11.94; Confidence Interval [CI] 95% = 1.4&-96.11) and 22-fuld (OR,. 21.76; CJ 95% = 2.58-183.81) greater risk to be stage 2 hypertension. Moreover, compared to subjects with normal body posture, those Who were obese had more than 2.S-fold increased in the risk to be stage 2 hypertension. On the other hand, moderate exercise reduced the risk of stage 2 hypertension by 71% (OR,. 0.29; C195% = 0.09-{).99), compared with sedentary subjects. Conclusion: This study concluded that special attention should be taken to administrative civil servants aged 46 years and over, obese, and with moderate exercise to prevent stage 2 hypertension.

Indonesia mengalami Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) polio pada tahun 2005. Di tiga kabupaten Lebak, Serang dan Sukabumi merupakan 58,9% kasus KLB nasional. Tujuan penelitian ialah diketahuinya besar risiko spesimen yang tidak memenuhi ketepatan waktu ambiI terhadap risiko basil pemeriksaan negatif virus polio di laboratorium nasional polio di Bandung dan Jakarta. Pada studi potong lintang (cress-.seclionalO terhadap semua sampel spesimen yang pertama yang diambiI dari kasus acute fkrcid paralysis (AFP) selama tahun 2005 dari tiga kabupaten. Data berasal dari laboratorium nasional polio tentang identitas kasus AFP, tanggal lumpuh, tanggal' ambil spesimen, tanggal kirim, tanggal diterima, kondisi diterima, tanggal proses, tanggal dan basil uji. Di samping itu dilakukan konf rmasi lapangan untuk data tempat pengambilan spesimen, fasilitas, dan tenaga surveilans. Analisis faktor-faktor risiko terhadap risiko relatif (RR) basil pemeriksaan negatif virus polio menggunakan regresi Cox. Prevalensi basil negatif dari sampel adalah 31,46%, Hasil negatif pada masa awal KLB Februari-April (60%) dan akhir KLB Juli-Desember 2005 (66,2%), dan yang terendah pada bulan Mei-Juni (15,5%). Faktor-faktor yang berkaitan secara signifikan terhadap risiko basil pemeriksaan negatif virus polio pada spesimen meliputi faktor tidak tepat waktu ambit spesimen, kabupaten asal spesimen, dan periode bulan pengambilan. Keterlambatan pengambilan spesimen mempertinggi risiko basil pemeriksaan negatif virus polio sebesar 70% dibandingkan dengan spesimen yang diambil tepat waktu [risiko relatif suaian (RN = 1,70; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI): 1,01 - 2,88). Selama masa awal dan akhir KLB, perhatian khusus harms diberikan terhadap ketepatan waktu pengambilan spesimen dan kabupaten asal spesimen untuk memperkecil risiko basil pemeriksaan negatif virus polio.

In 2005 Indonesia had a polio outbreak of positive wild polioviruses (WPV). The three districts namely Lebak, Serang and Sukabumi contributed 59.% of total national cases. The aim of this study was to identify the risk of late collection of stool specimen for negative detection of poliovirus. A cross sectional study conducted on all acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance's stool speciment from the three districts tested for polio virus in Bandung and Jakarta national polio laboratory in 2005. Data derived from laboratory registry books for case identity, date of paralysis onset; spesiment collection: sent; recieved; testing process; and result of test. In addition, field visits were conducted to the three districts for confirmation on data collecting methods, and human resources. Analysis was using Cox regression method for relative risk (RR). The prevalence of negative results was 31,46%. Negative results during early stage of outbreak in February -April was 60% and late stage July- December was 66.2%, while in May -June was Ioweer (15.5%). Factors that significantly associated with the risk of poliovirus negative results were late of speciment collection, district origin of speciment and period of month speciment collection. Late than on time collection for first stool speciment had 70% increased risk to be negative results (adjusted relative risk =-1.70; 95% confidence intervals = 1.01 - 2.88). During early and late stage of polio outbreak, special attention should be taken for timing of speciment collection and district origin of speciment to minimize risk of negative detection of poliovirus.