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Preventive behavior is the key to success in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is one of the keys to against COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to determine and explain the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among Public Health students, Universitas Indonesia. This research used a crosssectional design by analyzing the results of an online survey conducted on 264 Public Health students, Universitas Indonesia during May 2021. The relationship is assessed between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and sosidemographic factors, namely age, gender, economic level, religion, education level, married status, occupation and health insurance status, a history of individuals / relatives affected by COVID-19 before, perceived of COVID-19 consisting of perceived risk, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, knowledge about COVID-19, knowledge about COVID-19 prevention, knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine, and COVID-19 prevention behavior among Public Health students, Universitas Indonesia using logistic regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that 88,6.% students of Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia stated that they are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The results of multivariate analysis showed that marital status, insurance ownership, perceived barriers, and knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine had a significant relationship with the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine for public health students. This study showed that the perception of barriers was the most dominant factor related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the public health students, Universitas Indonesia. Broader information, transparent and consistent education with appropriate communication approaches and clarification of misinformation are needed to increase confidence in the young population, especially university students, about the benefits and barriers of vaccination so it is expected to educate others. Understanding students' perspectives on the COVID-19 vaccine and supporting their involvement in vaccination programme can be useful in planning an adequate response. Further research are needed by using better and more complete methods, designs and variables as well as with a wider scope to find out more about the factors related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in students, especially Public Health students
Abstrak
Obesitas merupakan penyokong utama dari berbagai penyakit degeneratif seperti diabetes, jantung, dan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik individu, konsumsi zat gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan stres dengan kejadian obesitas Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Tahun 2013. Rancangan penelitian cross-sectional dilakukan pada 230 responden yang terpilih secara systematic random sampling. Obesitas diukur dengan menggunakan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) yakni ratio antara berat badan (kilogram) dibagi dengan tinggi badan kuadrat (meter2). Responden dikatakan obes jika IMT ≥ 25 kg/m2. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda.
Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa prevalensi obesitas PNS Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI Tahun 2013 adalah sebesar 48%. Regresi logistik ganda memperlihatkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara umur, aktivitas fisik, dan stres dengan kejadian obesitas pada PNS Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Semakin tua umur semakin tinggi risiko obesitas. Semakin berat stres semakin tinggi risiko obesitas. Semakin berat aktivitas fisik semakin rendah risiko obesitas. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara karakteristik individu (jenis kelamin, pendidikan terakhir, pengetahuan, sikap, dan suku bangsa) dan konsumsi zat gizi (konsumsi energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein) dengan kejadian obesitas.
Disarankan pada Kementerian Kesehatan untuk melakukan pemantauan dan pemeriksaan secara rutin kejadian obesitas pada seluruh pegawainya, yang merupakan langkah penting untuk pencegahan agar pegawai agar tidak terkena penyakit degeneratif (seperti diabetes, jantung, dan kanker). Membuat jadwal dan menerapkan dengan sebaik-baiknya olahraga rutin bersama setiap hari jumat pagi dan memanfaatkan fasilitas olahraga (fitness center) untuk menurunkan kejadian obesitas. Melakukan kegiatan penyuluhan tentang gaya hidup sehat dan pencegahan stres, serta mengadakan gathering atau outbound yang dapat menurunkan stres.
Obesity is a major cause of many degenerative diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. This research aims to know the relationship between individual characteristics, nutrient intakes, physical activity, and stress with obesity among civil servant Secretariat General of the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia in 2013. The cross sectional studies performed on 230 respondents who selected by systematic random sampling. Obesity is measured using Body Mass Index (BMI) i.e. the ratio between the weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in metres). Obesity exist if BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Data analysis was done with chi square test and logistic regression.
Results of the study showed that the prevalence of obesity among civil servants Secretariat General of the Ministry of Health of Indonesia in 2013 is equal to 48%. Multiple logistic regression showed that there is a significant relationship between age, physical activity, and stress with obesity. The older the age, the higher the risk of obesity. The more severe the stress of the higher risk of obesity. Increasingly heavy physical activity, the lower the risk of obesity. There is no meaningful relationship between individual characteristics (gender, education, knowledge, attitude, and ethnicity) and consumption of nutrients (consumption of energy, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) obesity.
Advised on the Ministry of Health to conduct regular monitoring and inspection of the occurrence of obesity in all its employees, which is an important step for prevention so that employees are not exposed to degenerative diseases (such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer). Create a schedule and applying the best workouts together every Friday morning and make use of the sports facilities (fitness center) to lower the incidence of obesity. The Ministry of Health should perform activities such as public awareness about healthy lifestyles and the prevention of stress, as well as occasionally doing a gathering or outbound scene that can decrease stress.
Imunisasi merupakan satu tindakan pemberian kekebalan khusus kepada anak terhadap Penyakit yang Dapat Dicegah Dengan Imunisasi (PD3I), seperti tuberkulosis, difteri, pertusis, tetanus, polio, campak, dan hepatitis B, sebelum berusia satu tahun. Peningkatan cakupan imunisasi mampu menurunkan kematian akibat PD3I dari 23% tahun 1974 menjadi 10% di tahun 2000. Selama tahun 2005, Seksi Pengamatan dan Pencegahan Penyakit, Dinas Kesehatan Propinsi Sumatera Barat melaporkan 2.603 kasus campak klinis, 498 kasus hepatitis, 12 kasus tetanus neonatorum, dan 117 kasus pertusis. Kota Padang melaporkan 959 kasus campak klinis, 65 kasus hepatitis, dan 5 kasus tetanus neonatorum selama tahun 2005. Cakupan imunisasi di Puskesmas Pauh Kota Padang pada tahun 2005, adalah; BCG (89,8%), DPT1 (81,2%), DPT3 (67,8%), Polio 4 (75,8%), Hepatitis (66,6%), dan Campak (84,1%). Imunisasi dasar yang tidak lengkap, hanya memberikan perlindungan sebesar 25-40%. Perkiraan risiko untuk meninggal pada seorang anak balita yang tidak diimunisasi lengkap adalah sebesar 14 kali dibandingkan yang sudah diimunisasi lengkap. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain kasus kontrol, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status imunisasi dasar pada anak. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pauh, dengan pertimbangan jumlah penduduk yang cukup besar, cakupan imunisasi rendah, dan masyarakat yang cukup kooperatif. Kasus adalah anak usia 12 sampai 23 bulan yang tidak mendapatkan salah satu imunisasi sebelum benisia satu tahun, sedangkan sebagai kontrol adalah anak yang sudah mendapatkan imunisasi berupa BCG, DPT1, DPT2, DPT3, Poliol, Polio2, Polio3, Polio4, Campak, serta hepatitis B1, hepatitis B2, dan hepatitis B3 sebelum berusia satu tahun. Kasus dan kontrol dicari dari register imunisasi di puskesmas, dari tanggal 1 Juni 2004 sampai 31 Mei 2005. Responden pada penelitian ini adalah ibu dari kasus rnaupun kontrol yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pauh pads waktu penelitian. Penelusuran variable-variabel yang diduga berhubungan dengan status imunisasi dasar dilakukan dengan mengadopsi konsep Green yang melihat faktor predisposisi (umur ibu, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, pengetahuan ibu, sikap ibu, jumlah anak, dan pekerjaan suami), faktor pendukung (kepemilikan), dan fakt ar pendorong (anjuran). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor predisposisi yang berhubungan dengan ketidaklengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak di Puskesmas Pauh adalah umur ibu 30 tahun dengan OR = 3,10 dengan 95% CI: 1,83-5,26, pendidikan ibu yang rendah dengan OR = 2,01 dengan 95% CI: 1,10-3,69, pengetahuan ibu yang tidak bail( tentang imunisasi dengan OR = 2,16 dengan 95% CI: 1,20-3,90, dan pekerjaan suami pada sektor non formal dengan OR = 3,21 dengan 95% CI: 1,19-8,69. Faktor pendukung (kepemilikan) tidak berhubungan dengan ketidaklengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak. Faktor pendorong berupa anjuran, berhubungan dengan ketidaklengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak. Ibu yang tidak pernah mendapatkan anjuran imunisasi mempunyai risiko imunisasi anaknya tidak lengkap sebesar 4,17 kali jika dibandingkan dengan ibu yang mendapat anjuran dari tenaga non kesehatan, dan sebesar 3,86 kali jika dibandingkan dengan-ibu yard mendapat anjuran dari tenaga kesehatan. Anjuran untuk mengikuti program Keluarga Berencana setelah punya dua anak, tidak mempunyai Layi lagi setelah ibu berumur ? 30 tahun, meningkatkan pendidikan ibu, penggalakan kelompok belajar, penyuluhan imunisasi secara berkala dan berkesinambungan, revitalisasi posyandu, dan pelatihan imunisasi leader kesehatan diharapkan dapat ineningkatkan cakupan imunisasi pada masa yang akan datang.
Immunization is a procedure on giving a special protection on children, before one year of age, from diseases that can be prevented by immunization, such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertuses, tetanus, polio, measles, and Hepatitis B. The escalation on the immunization coverage has reduced the mortality, caused by the diseases that can be prevented by immunization, from 23% in 1974 to 10% in 2000. During 2005, the province of West Sumatra has reported cases on 2,603 clinical measles, 498 Hepatitis, 12 tetanus neonatorum, and 117 aertuses. Meanwhile, Kota Padang has reported 959 cases of clinical measles, 65 cases of Hepatitis, and 5 cases of tetanus neonatorum. The immunization coverage at Puskesmas Pauh of Kota Padang in 2005 is: BCG (89.8%), DPT i (81.2%), DPT3 (67.8%), Polio4 (75.7%), Hepatitis (66.6%), and measles (84.1%). Uncompleted basic immunization is only giving 25-40% of protection. An estimation on risk of death for children under five who have uncompleted immunization is fourteen times compare to those who have completed immunization. The design of the study is case-control in order to find out the factors related to the child status on basic immunization. The study is carried out in the working area of Puskesmas Pauh was chosen based on total among the population approximately, the low coveragi immunization as well as the cooperative behavior of the community. The case is children age 12 to 23 months who has uncompleted one of basic immunization before one year of age. Meanwhile, the control is children who have completed basic immunization before one year of age. The completed immunization should consist of immunization on ECG, DPT1, DPT2, DPT3, Polio], Polio2, Polio3, Polio4, Measles, HepatitisB-l, HepatitisB-2, and HepatitisB-3. The case and the control are found out from puskesmas' immunization registration, during 151 June 2004 to 315` May 2005. Respondents of the study are mothers of the case and the control who lives in the working area of puskesmas. Exploration on variables that assumed to have relationship with the status of basic immunization is accomplished by applying 'the concept of Green, which is looking at the predisposing factors (age, education, occupation, knowledge, attitude, number of children, and husband's occupation), the enabling factors (ownership) and the reinforcing factors (advice). The result of the study showed that predisposing factors have relationship with incompleteness of basic immunization status of children. The predisposing factors the are relationship also between the predisposing factors with status on basic immunization are: age > 30 years (OR: 3.19 with 95% CI at 1.83 - 5.26), low education (OR: 2.01 with 95% CI at 1.10 --- 3.69), poor knowledge on immunization (OR: 2.16 with CI 95% at 1.20 - 3.90), and husband's occupation at non-formal sectors (OR: 3.21 with CI 95% at 1.19 - 8.69). There is no relationship between enabling factor (ownership) with the incompleteness of basic immunization of the children. The reinforcing factor, in this case is the advice, is correlated with the incompleteness of basic immunization of the children. The risk of mother have never had an advice about child immunization have a risk 4.17 times to have incompleteness on child immunization compare to mothers who receive the advice from non-health personnel. While the risk is lower 3.86 times if compared to mother who receive the advice from health personnel. Suggestions are addressed the mothers to: participate on family planning program after having two children, not to be pregnant after 30 years of age, to increase the level of mother education, educational package programme for the mother to foolow sustainability of IEC immunization program. Posyandu revitalization, and immunization training for should voluntary health worker about immunization. Hopely by accomplish all the suggestion the immunization coverage will bw increase in the future time.