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Adolescent obesity has an impact on physical, psychological, and social consequences,
which will have a major impact on the growth and quality of people in the future.
Adolescent obesity is also a risk factor for various metabolic and degenerative diseases
such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoarthritis, etc. The
determinants of the causes of obesity in adolescents are very numerous, including where
they live, their age, their gender, mother's level of education, mother's work, physical
activity, fruit and vegetable consumption habits and risky eating habits such as instant
foods, sweet drinks, sweet foods, fried/fatty foods, energy drinks, and non-alcoholic
drinks/non-alcoholic drinks. The aim of this study was to determine factors of adolescent
obesity in Indonesia in 2018. Design of this study is a cross-sectional design using
secondary data from basic health research survey in 2018 (Riskesdas 2018) recruited
95779 participants, and the complex samples using chi-square test (bivariable) and
logistic regression with determinant models (multivariable) was analyzed. The results
showed that the prevalence of obesity among adolescents in Indonesia was 4.5% in 2018.
Bivariable analyses using chi-square test show that there were 6 variables having relation
with the obesity incidence in adolescents, namely age (p = 0.001), mother's educational
level (p = 0.001), residential area (p = 0.001), instant food consumption (p = 0.040), sweet
drinks consumption (p = 0.001), energy drinks consumption (p = 0.006). The multiple
logistic regression test using determinant model showed that there were 4 variables
related to obesity incidence in adolescents, namely a place of residence, age, level of
education of the mother, and consumption of sweet drinks. Residential areas showed as a
dominant factor for increasing obesity while living in urban area are more likely 1,5 times
to increase obesity incident among adolescents after controlled age, mother education
level, and sweet drinks consumption. Education about the impact caused by obesity in
adolescents is important to be socialized through social media which is much favored by
urban teenagers such as via YouTube or Instagram is expected to prevent or overcome
the incidence of obesity.
Defisit pertumbuhan anak usia kurang dari 5 tahun banyak didapatkan di negara Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia (Schultink, Warner, 2000; WHO, 1997). WHO melaporkan di tahun 1992 terdapat ± 50% anak berumur kurang dari 5 tahun diklasifikasikan sebagai pendek (stunted) (WHO, 1992), keadaan ini masih tetap bertahan sampai dengan tahun 1997 (WHO, 1997). Jika keadaan ini di Indonesia tidak mengalami perubahan dari tahun ke tahun, maka dapat membawa dampak terutama pada perkembangan kognitif anak di usia 7-8 tahun. Dampak lain dari pendek ialah melemahnya kekebalan tubuh, mengurangi performa kerja. Pertumbuhan anak umur antara setahun sampai masa 7-8 tahun sering disebut sebagai masa laten atau tenang. Keadaan ini berbeda dengan masa bayi dan remaja dimana pertumbuhan fisiknya sangat pesat. Walaupun pada masa anak ini pertumbuhan fisiknya lambat, tetapi merupakan masa untuk perkembangan motorik, kognitif, dan emosional (McGregor, 1995). Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak merupakan proses panjang yang berkesinambungan. Dengan demikian, derajat kesehatan anak perlu diketahui perkembangannya dan tidak hanya dilihat sesaat, melainkan harus dilihat secara berkesinambungan selama kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan data longitudinal Indonesian Family Life Survei tahun 1993-2000. Determinan defisit pertumbuhan tinggi badan anak usia 7-8 tahun dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi generalized estimating equation (GEE). Hasil penelitian menunjukan variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi defisit tinggi badan anak pada usia 7-8 tahun adalah defisit pertumbuhan anak di usia 1-2 tahun, faktor genetik (tinggi badan bapak dan ibu), kebiasaan minum susu, area tempat tinggal anak, kesehatan lingkungan, dan jenis kelamin. Variabel yang paling dominan terhadap defisit pertumbuhan tinggi badan anak yaitu jenis kelamin anak. Anak laki-laki lebih berisiko untuk mengalami defisit tinggi badan sebesar 1,7 kali dibandingkan dengan anak perempuan. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut disarankan perlunya peran orang tua dalam memantau perkembangan anak, perbaikan kondisi sosial ekonomi, edukasi bagi orang tua, revitalisasi fungsi posyandu, dan pemberian nutrisi bagi anak sekolah.
Growth retardation during early childhood found in many Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia (Schultink, Warner, 2000). WHO reported in 1992 there were 50% of children age less than 5± years and classified as stunting (WHO, 1992). This situation still survive until the year 1997 (WHO, 1997). If this situation in Indonesia does not change from year to year, it can bring, especially the impact on cognitive development in children ages 7-8 years. Growth retardation during early childhood is rarely made up; so stunted children usually become stunted adults. The growth of children age between one year to the 7-8 year period is often referred to as a latent or quiet. The situation is different with the baby and young people where physical growth is very rapid. It is acknowledged that growth retardation in early chlidhood works through in adolescence and adulthood, but no information on the growth from infancy until adolencence was available in Indonesia. Causes and long term effects of growth retardation can only be studied through longitudinal studies, and only a limited number of these studies have been done in Indonesia. This study were used longitudinal data Indonesian Family Life Surveys in 1993 through 2000. Determinant growth retardation of children aged 7-8 years analyzed using a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). The research results showed that there was a positive realtionship between children retardation at the age of 7-8 years and their height at 1-2 years, genetic factors (height of the father and mother), drinking milk habits, the area where children live, environmental health, and sex. The most dominant of the children growth retardation is sex of the children. The boys are more at risk to have stunted 1.7 times compared with the girls. Based on the study, we recommended that need role of parents in monitoring child development, improvement of socio-economic conditions, education for parents, revitalization posyandu function, nutrition intervention for school children are necessary to support the attainment of their optimal growth potential.