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Hubungan Konsentrasi PM2,5 dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Daerah Khusus Jakarta Tahun 2023
Nabilah Putri Rahmita; Pembimbing: Budi Haryanto; Penguji: Laila Fitria, Retno Henderiawati
Abstrak:
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Latar Belakang: Di Indonesia, pneumonia adalah salah satu penyakit menular penyumbang kematian balita. Faktor risiko pneumonia pada balita, antara lain kualitas udara, status imunisasi, dan status gizi balita. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi PM2,5, status imunisasi, dan status gizi dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di 10 SPKU Daerah Khusus Jakarta tahun 2023 dengan data bulanan. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi berdasarkan tempat yang mencakup 10 kecamtan di Daerah Khusus Jakarta. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi PM2,5 dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Menteng (p=0,005; r=0,751), Kecamatan Kalideres (p=0,028; r=-0,631), dan Kecamatan Tanjung Priok (p=0,031; r=-0,622). Hubungan status imunisasi dengan pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Cakung (r=-0,356) dan Jagakarsa (r=-0,343) artinya memiliki korelasi negatif sedang. Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara status gizi dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Tanjung Priok (p=0,018; r=-0,665), Kalideres (p=0,018; r=0,667), dan Kebon Jeruk (p=0,040; r=-0,599). Kesimpulan: Variasi tingkat polusi udara, imunisasi, dan gizi balita antar kecamatan di Jakarta menunjukkan perbedaan pola hubungan dengan pneumonia, menandakan perlunya intervensi dan evaluasi program kesehatan yang lebih terfokus di tiap wilayah.
Background: In Indonesia, pneumonia is one of the leading infectious diseases contributing to under-five mortality. Risk factors for pneumonia in children under five include air quality, immunization status, and nutritional status. Objective: To examine the relationship between PM2.5 concentration, immunization status, and nutritional status with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five across 10 SPKUs (Community Health Surveillance Areas) in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in 2023 using monthly data. Methods: This study employed an ecological study design based on location, covering 10 subdistricts in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between PM2.5 concentration and pneumonia incidence in children under five in Menteng Subdistrict (p=0.005; r=0.751), Kalideres Subdistrict (p=0.028; r=-0.631), and Tanjung Priok Subdistrict (p=0.031; r=-0.622). The relationship between immunization status and pneumonia in children under five in Cakung (r=-0.356) and Jagakarsa (r=-0.343) indicates a moderate negative correlation. A significant relationship was found between nutritional status and pneumonia incidence in children under five in Tanjung Priok (p=0.018; r=-0.665), Kalideres (p=0.018; r=0.667), and Kebon Jeruk (p=0.040; r=-0.599). Conclusion: The variation in air pollution levels, immunization coverage, and child nutrition across subdistricts in Jakarta shows different patterns of association with pneumonia, indicating the need for more targeted health program interventions and evaluations in each area.
S-11885
Depok : FKM-UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Sabila Nur Lailiah; Pembimbing: Yovsyah; Penguji: Trisari Anggondowati, Retno Henderiawati
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Penelitian terkait premature mortality yaitu kematian usia 30-70 tahun akibat PTM di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis tren premature mortality akibat 4NCD, meliputi kardiovaskular (CVD), kanker, diabetes, dan respirasi kronis (CRD) di DKI Jakarta tahun 2020-2024 menggunakan desain potong lintang berdasarkan data sekunder Dinas Kesehatan DKI Jakarta. Analisis univariat mengkaji tren premature mortality 4NCD berdasarkan distribusi umur, jenis kelamin, wilayah domisili, dan laporan fasilitas kesehatan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan premature mortality 4NCD diakibatkan CVD (78%), diabetes (17%), kanker (14%), dan CRD (9%). Kematian CVD disebabkan blok penyakit jantung lain (47,4%) dan serebrovaskular (19,4%). Kanker ganas primer di lokasi spesifik (88,7%), DM tipe 2 (77%). Kematian CRD didominasi blok penyakit lain pada sistem pernapasan (34%) dan penyakit pernapasan bawah kronis (27,8%). Premature mortality tertinggi terjadi di usia dewasa paruh baya (49%), lansia muda (46%), dan dewasa muda (5%). Kematian laki-laki (58%) lebih tinggi daripada perempuan (42%). Domisili angka kematian tertinggi terjadi di Jakarta Timur (30%), Jakarta Selatan (19%), Jakarta Utara (17%), dengan sumber laporan tertinggi puskesmas (56%). Kasus kematian tidak spesifik menggambarkan tantangan proses surveilans yang akurat. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan vitalitas kualitas data sebagai penunjang intervensi dan kebijakan yang efektif dan tepat sasaran dalam mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas PTM.
Research related to premature mortality, deaths aged 30-70 years due to NCDs in Indonesia, is still limited. This study aims to analyze the trend of premature mortality due to 4NCD, including CVD, cancer, diabetes, and CRD in DKI Jakarta in 2020-2024 using a cross-sectional design based on secondary data from DKI Jakarta Health Department. Univariate analysis examined 4NCD premature mortality trends based on age distribution, gender, domicile area, and health facility reports. The results showed 4NCD premature mortality was caused by CVD (78%), diabetes (17%), cancer (14%), and CRD (9%). CVD mortality due to other heart disease (47.4%) and cerebrovascular (19.4%). Site-specific primary malignant cancer (88.7%), type 2 DM (77%). CRD mortality by other respiratory system disease block (34%) and chronic lower respiratory disease (27.8%). Premature mortality was highest in middle-aged adults (49%), young elderly (46%), young adults (5%). Male mortality (58%) was higher than female mortality (42%). Domicile of death was highest in East Jakarta (30%), South Jakarta (19%), North Jakarta (17%), the highest source of report being puskesmas (56%). Unspecified death cases illustrate the challenges of accurate surveillance processes. This study emphasizes the vitality of data quality to support effective and targeted interventions and policies in reducing morbidity.
Research related to premature mortality, deaths aged 30-70 years due to NCDs in Indonesia, is still limited. This study aims to analyze the trend of premature mortality due to 4NCD, including CVD, cancer, diabetes, and CRD in DKI Jakarta in 2020-2024 using a cross-sectional design based on secondary data from DKI Jakarta Health Department. Univariate analysis examined 4NCD premature mortality trends based on age distribution, gender, domicile area, and health facility reports. The results showed 4NCD premature mortality was caused by CVD (78%), diabetes (17%), cancer (14%), and CRD (9%). CVD mortality due to other heart disease (47.4%) and cerebrovascular (19.4%). Site-specific primary malignant cancer (88.7%), type 2 DM (77%). CRD mortality by other respiratory system disease block (34%) and chronic lower respiratory disease (27.8%). Premature mortality was highest in middle-aged adults (49%), young elderly (46%), young adults (5%). Male mortality (58%) was higher than female mortality (42%). Domicile of death was highest in East Jakarta (30%), South Jakarta (19%), North Jakarta (17%), the highest source of report being puskesmas (56%). Unspecified death cases illustrate the challenges of accurate surveillance processes. This study emphasizes the vitality of data quality to support effective and targeted interventions and policies in reducing morbidity.
S-12141
Depok : FKM-UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Rahmat Saputra; Pembimbing: Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono; Penguji: Mondastri Korib Sudaryo, Retno Henderiawati
Abstrak:
Salah satu upaya untuk menghentikan pandemi COVID-19 adalah dengan vaksinasi. Pelaksanaan vaksinasi di DKI Jakarta tahap pertama diberikan pada tanggal 14 Januari 2021 dan tahap kedua pada tanggal 01 Maret 202. Hingga 28 Maret 2021, teracatat sudah 120.490 tenaga kesehatan yang mendapatkan vaksinasi lengkap hingga tahap 2. Meski demikian, jumlah tenaga kesehatan yang terinfeksi pasca vaksinasi hingga 06 Juni 2021 sebanyak 724 orang. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor apa saja yang berisiko terhadap terjadinya infeksi Covid-19 pada tenaga kesehatan pasca vaksinasi di DKI Jakarta. Studi Cross-Sectional dilakukan untuk melihat faktor risiko infeksi COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan (nakes) pasca vaksinasi COVID-19 dosis lengkap (2 dosis) dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder (laporan tenaga kesehatan DKI Jakarta yang telah mendapatkan vaksinasi dosis lengkap dari bulan Maret - Mei 2021) dan data primer (kuesioner yang disebar keseluruh tenaga kesehatan yang telah mendapatkan vaksinasi dosis lengkap). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada 6 variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan pasca vaksinasi di DKI Jakarta yaitu: usia (PR 0,63; p=0,002), hipertensi (PR 1,52; p=0,009), berhadapan langsung dengan pasien (PR: 2,02; p=<0,0001) dengan faktor risiko paling dominan adalah riwayat infeksi COVID-19 (PR: 2,16; p=0,001). Tenaga kesehatan yang berusia >37 tahun, memiliki riwayat diabetes melitus, Riwayat hipertensi, riwayat infeksi COVID-19, berhadapan langsung dengan pasien serta menggunakan APD level 1 dalam keseharian bekerja diprioritaskan untuk mendapatkan vaksinasi booster
One of the efforts to stop the COVID-19 pandemic is by vaccination. The first dose vaccination in DKI Jakarta has been done on January 14, 2021 and the second dose on March 1st, 2021. Health care workers that have been vaccinated with complete dose until the 28 of March were 120.490 people. However, the number of health care workers infected post vaccinated until June 6, 2021 is 724 people. A cross-sectional study has been done to observe the risk factors of Covid-19 infection on health care workers post vaccinated using secondary data (reports of DKI Jakarta health care workers who have received complete doses of vaccination from March-May 2021) and primary data (a questionnaire distributed to all health care workers who have received a complete doses of vaccination from March-May 2021). The result of this study shows us that there are 6 variables related to the incidence of COVID-19 infection in post-vaccination health care workers in DKI Jakarta, consist of: age (PR 0,63; p=0,002), hypertension (PR 1,52; p=0,009), face to face with patients (PR: 2,02; p=<0,0001), with the most dominant risk factor is a history of COVID-19 infection (PR: 2,16; p=0,001). Health care workers who are >37 years old, have a history of diabetes mellitus, a history of hypertension, a history of COVID-19 infection, face to face with patients, and using PPE level 1 in their daily work are prioritized to get a booster vaccinations
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One of the efforts to stop the COVID-19 pandemic is by vaccination. The first dose vaccination in DKI Jakarta has been done on January 14, 2021 and the second dose on March 1st, 2021. Health care workers that have been vaccinated with complete dose until the 28 of March were 120.490 people. However, the number of health care workers infected post vaccinated until June 6, 2021 is 724 people. A cross-sectional study has been done to observe the risk factors of Covid-19 infection on health care workers post vaccinated using secondary data (reports of DKI Jakarta health care workers who have received complete doses of vaccination from March-May 2021) and primary data (a questionnaire distributed to all health care workers who have received a complete doses of vaccination from March-May 2021). The result of this study shows us that there are 6 variables related to the incidence of COVID-19 infection in post-vaccination health care workers in DKI Jakarta, consist of: age (PR 0,63; p=0,002), hypertension (PR 1,52; p=0,009), face to face with patients (PR: 2,02; p=<0,0001), with the most dominant risk factor is a history of COVID-19 infection (PR: 2,16; p=0,001). Health care workers who are >37 years old, have a history of diabetes mellitus, a history of hypertension, a history of COVID-19 infection, face to face with patients, and using PPE level 1 in their daily work are prioritized to get a booster vaccinations
T-6228
Depok : FKM-UI, 2021
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Ferdian Akhmad Ferizqo; Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono; Penguji: Yovsyah, Retno Henderiawati, Agus Sugiarto
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Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan penyakit infeksi yang menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dengan angka kematian yang masih tinggi. Identifikasi faktor risiko kematian akibat DBD penting untuk meningkatkan strategi pencegahan dan penanganan kasus. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi observasional analitik dengan pendekatan case-control pada tahun 2024 di DKI Jakarta. Data sekunder diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi DKI Jakarta yang mencakup laporan kasus pasien DBD meninggal dan yang sembuh. Analisis bivariat dilakukan untuk memilih variabel kandidat dengan p-value <0,25, kemudian dilanjutkan analisis regresi logistik multivariat untuk menentukan faktor risiko kematian akibat DBD. Dari analisis bivariat, variabel domisili penduduk dan jenis fasilitas kesehatan memenuhi kriteria masuk ke analisis multivariat. Hasil regresi logistik multivariat menunjukkan bahwa domisili penduduk berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kematian akibat DBD dengan odds ratio 4,42 (p=0,024; 95% CI: 1,21–16,13). Pada model ini pasien yang berdomisili di DKI Jakarta memiliki risiko kematian 4,42 kali lebih tinggi dibanding pasien dari luar Jakarta. Variabel jenis fasilitas kesehatan meskipun memiliki odds ratio >1, tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,319). Domisili penduduk merupakan faktor risiko utama kematian akibat DBD di DKI Jakarta. Perlu penguatan sistem pelayanan kesehatan dan edukasi masyarakat untuk deteksi dini serta penanganan cepat guna menurunkan angka kematian akibat DBD.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that remains a public health problem in DKI Jakarta Province with a high mortality rate. Identifying risk factors for DHF-related death is crucial to improve prevention strategies and case management. This study employed an analytic observational case-control design in 2024 in DKI Jakarta. Secondary data were obtained from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, including reports of DHF patient deaths and survivors. Bivariate analysis was conducted to select candidate variables with p-value <0.25, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine risk factors for DHF mortality. Bivariate analysis identified resident identity and type of healthcare facility as eligible for inclusion in the multivariate model. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that resident identity (domicile) was significantly associated with DHF mortality, with an odds ratio of 4.42 (p=0.024; 95% CI: 1.21–16.13). Patients residing in DKI Jakarta had a 4.42 times higher risk of death compared to patients from outside Jakarta. Although the type of healthcare facility had an odds ratio >1, it was not statistically significant (p=0.319). Resident identity (domicile) is a significant risk factor for DHF-related death in DKI Jakarta. Strengthening the healthcare system and enhancing public education for early detection and timely treatment are crucial to reduce DHF mortality.
T-7327
Depok : FKM UI, 2025
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Nessa Novarisa; Pembimbing: Helda; Penguji: Nurhayati Adnan, Gertrudis Tandy, Retno Henderiawati
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Setelah dicabutnya PPKM, terjadi peningkatan aktivitas sosial ekonomi masyarakat, yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kasus konfirmasi dan mortalitas COVID-19. Pemerintah telah melakukan vaksinasi COVID-19 untuk menurunkan mortalitas COVID-19 di Indonesia. DKI Jakarta sebagai ibu kota negara, menyumbangkan 16-17% perekonomian nasional, memiliki cakupan dosis boosternya masih rendah (53,9%). Penelitian ini menilai pengaruh status, homogenitas dan jenis vaksin booster secara kohort retrospektif menggunakan data Dinas Kesehatan DKI Jakarta 2023. Jumlah sampel 1069 partisipan dengan proporsi 17-45 tahun (44,62%), perempuan (56,03%), domisili DKI Jakarta (97,01%), tanpa komorbid (73,26%), mendapatkan booster (60,80%) booster heterolog (49,67%), luaran penelitian hidup (68,94%). Resiko kematian dipengaruhi oleh interaksi komorbiditas dengan status maupun jenis vaksin booster secara sinergisme. Proporsi kematian karena interaksi adalah 4,76%. Risiko kematian vaksin booster homolog 1,33 dibandingkan heterolog (0,83-2,13 p value 0,232). Pasien dengan komorbiditas dan tidak vaksin booster memiliki risiko kematian tertinggi ditinjau dari status vaksin booster (reference mendapat vaksin booster, RR 6,93 95% CI 5,07-9,48 dan p value = 0,000) maupun jenis vaksin booster (reference mendapat vaksin booster heterolog, RR 6,97 95% CI 4,98-9,76 dan p value = 0,000). Peneliti merekomendasikan pemberian vaksin booster, terutama heterolog booster, pada kelompok komorbid untuk mencegah kematian COVID-19.
After revocation of PPKM, socioeconomic activity increased, lead to escalation of confirmed cases and mortality COVID-19. The government conducted vaccination to reduce COVID-19 mortality in Indonesia. DKI Jakarta the nation's capital, contributing 16-17% of national economy, has only 53,9% booster dose coverage. This study assessed the influence of status, homogeneity and type of booster vaccine in retrospective cohort using DKI Jakarta Health Service 2023 data. The sample was 1069 with 17-45 years (44.62%), female (56.03%), domiciled in DKI Jakarta (97.01%), without comorbidities (73.26%), received booster (60.80%), heterologous booster (49.67%) and alive (68.94%). The mortality risk is influenced by interaction of comorbidities with status and type of booster vaccine synergistically. The proportion of deaths due to interactions was 4.76%. The mortality risk of homologous booster was 1.33 compared to heterologous (0.83-2.13 p value 0.232). Patients with comorbidities and no booster have the highest risk in terms of booster status (reference received booster, RR 6.93 95% CI 5.07-9.48 and p value = 0.000) and type (reference received vaccine heterologous booster, RR 6.97 95% CI 4.98-9.76 and p value = 0.000). Researchers recommend giving booster, especially heterologous, to comorbid groups to prevent COVID-19 deaths.
T-7031
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Stefani Christanti; Pembimbing: Ahmad Syafiq; Penguji: Sandra Fikawati, Tinexcelly M. Simamora, Retno Henderiawati
Abstrak:
Pada umumnya, menarche terjadi pada usia 12-14 tahun. Namun, beberapa dekade terakhir terjadi tren penurunan usia menarche menjadi lebih muda, padahal menarche lebih awal maupun lebih lambat dapat berdampak pada kesehatan saat dewasa. Faktor gizi, termasuk kebiasaan makan, merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dan dapat dimodifikasi dalam pengaruhnya terhadap usia menarche. Untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh kebiasaan makan terhadap usia menarche, dilakukan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang pada 420 siswi dari 15 SMP terpilih di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2023 melalui wawancara, pengisian angket, serta pengukuran berat badan dan tinggi badan siswi. Hasil analisis mendapatkan rata-rata usia menarche adalah 11 tahun 9 bulan, dengan usia menarche termuda 8 tahun 11 bulan dan usia menarche tertua 14 tahun 4 bulan. Siswi SMP di Provinsi DKI Jakarta ditemukan memiliki kecenderungan konsumsi harian melebihi 100% AKG untuk karbohidrat, lemak, protein, gula dan garam. Namun, sebanyak 70,7% responden memiliki kebiasaan makan serat kurang dari 100% AKG. Kebiasaan makan serat yang rendah (<29 gram/hari) ditemukan berhubungan signifikan dengan usia menarche lebih awal berdasarkan uji bivariat (p=0,006) maupun uji multivariat setelah dikontrol kebiasaan makan lemak, protein, dan garam (p=0,047) dengan nilai OR=0,569 (95%CI 0,325-0,993) yang berarti siswi dengan kebiasaan makan serat rendah berpeluang 1,76 kali untuk mendapatkan menarche lebih awal dibandingkan siswi dengan kebiasaan makan serat tinggi. Pola asupan gizi seimbang, termasuk kebiasaan makan sayur dan buah yang banyak mengandung serat, menjadi rekomendasi yang perlu diperhatikan mengingat gizi adalah faktor penting bagi tumbuh kembang remaja, dan kesehatan remaja secara umum.
In general, menarche occurs at the age of 12-14 years. However, the last few decades have seen a trend of decreasing the age of menarche to younger, even though earlier or later menarche can impact health. Nutritional factors, including eating habits, are important and can be modified in their influence on the age of menarche. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted to analyze the relationship between eating habits and menarche age in 420 female students from 15 selected junior high schools in DKI Jakarta Province. Data collection was carried out in May 2023 through interviews, filling out questionnaires, and measuring the weight and height of female students. The analysis found that the average age of menarche was 11 years 9 months, with the youngest menarche being 8 years 11 months and the oldest menarche being 14 years 4 months. Junior high school students in DKI Jakarta Province tend for daily consumption to exceed 100% of the RDA for carbohydrates, fat, protein, sugar, and salt. However, as many as 70.7% of respondents have a habit of eating fiber less than 100% of the RDA. Low fiber diet (<29 grams/day) was also found to be significantly related to earlier menarche age either through the bivariate test (p = 0.006) or multivariate test after controlling for eating habits of fat, protein, and salt (p = 0.047) with a value OR = 0.569 (95% CI 0.325-0.993) which means girls with low fiber eating habits have a 1.76 times chance of getting menarche earlier than girls with high fiber eating habits. A balanced nutritional intake pattern, including vegetables and fruits, is a recommendation because nutrition is an important factor for adolescent growth and development, and adolescent health in general.
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In general, menarche occurs at the age of 12-14 years. However, the last few decades have seen a trend of decreasing the age of menarche to younger, even though earlier or later menarche can impact health. Nutritional factors, including eating habits, are important and can be modified in their influence on the age of menarche. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted to analyze the relationship between eating habits and menarche age in 420 female students from 15 selected junior high schools in DKI Jakarta Province. Data collection was carried out in May 2023 through interviews, filling out questionnaires, and measuring the weight and height of female students. The analysis found that the average age of menarche was 11 years 9 months, with the youngest menarche being 8 years 11 months and the oldest menarche being 14 years 4 months. Junior high school students in DKI Jakarta Province tend for daily consumption to exceed 100% of the RDA for carbohydrates, fat, protein, sugar, and salt. However, as many as 70.7% of respondents have a habit of eating fiber less than 100% of the RDA. Low fiber diet (<29 grams/day) was also found to be significantly related to earlier menarche age either through the bivariate test (p = 0.006) or multivariate test after controlling for eating habits of fat, protein, and salt (p = 0.047) with a value OR = 0.569 (95% CI 0.325-0.993) which means girls with low fiber eating habits have a 1.76 times chance of getting menarche earlier than girls with high fiber eating habits. A balanced nutritional intake pattern, including vegetables and fruits, is a recommendation because nutrition is an important factor for adolescent growth and development, and adolescent health in general.
T-6603
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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