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Kata kunci : Kematian Neonatal, Jarak Kelahiran, SDKI 2012
Infant Mortality Rate is one of development indicator from a nation. Neonatal mortality (0-28 days) accounts for more than half (59.4%) of infant mortality. Based on the 2012 IDHS data the neonatal mortality rate decreased by 41%, from 32/1000 live births in 1991 to 19/1000 live births in 2007. But in the last two periods, there are stagnant condition of neonatal mortality rate, which is 19/1000 live births in 2007 and 2012. One of the factors that can increase neonatal mortality is birth spacing. This study aims to know the relationship between birth spacing and the incidence of neonatal death. This research is an analysis of data of Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) 2012. The research design is using case control study with the number of sample are 102 cases and 306 controls. Cases are infants who have neonatal death and the last child in a single labor. And control is a baby that lives past the age of 28 days. Multivariate analysis is using logistic regression showed that there was a significant difference of risk for neonatal mortality between mothers with birth spacing 78 months compared with 28-77 month of birth spacing. Mothers with birth spacing 78 months, mothers with birth spacing > 78 months had a risk of neonatal deaths of 1.95 times (95% CI: 1,126-3,368) compared with 28-77 months of birth spacing.
Keywords: Birth spacing, antenatal death, case control study, IDHS 2012
ABSTRAK Nama : Mira Sri Gumilar Program Studi : Epidemiologi Judul : Hubungan Merokok Dengan Risiko Kehamilan Ektopik Pada Wanita Usia 15-49 Tahun Di Indonesia Tahun 2012 Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. dr. Nasrin Kodim, MPH Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan indikator utama kesehatan ibu. Pada tahun 2015, angka kematian ibu mengalami penurunan menjadi sebesar 305 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, namun angka ini masih belum memenuhi target MDGs. Apabila dibandingkan secara global, AKI di Indonesia masih berada di atas AKI Global. Tiga penyebab terbesar kematian ibu di Indonesia disebabkan oleh perdarahan, hipertensi, dan infeksi. Perdarahan dan komplikasi kehamilan pada masa kehamilan bisa terjadi pada awal kehamilan dan akhir kehamilan. Perdarahan dan komplikasi kehamilan pada masa awal kehamilan dapat disebabkan oleh aborsi dan kehamilan ektopik. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, salah satu faktor risiko kehamilan ektopik yaitu merokok. Prevalensi perokok wanita di Indonesia setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan terutama pada tahun 2010 prevalensi perokok wanita adalah sebesar 4% dan menduduki urutan ke 17 di dunia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya besaran masalah kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia, mengetahui sebaran variabel kehamilan ektopik dan merokok berdasarkan provinsi, dan diketahuinya hubungan antara merokok dengan terjadinya kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini adalah kejadian kehamilan ektopik dan variabel independen utamanya adalah merokok, sedangkan variabel kovariat terdiri dari status pendidikan, metode penggunaan kontrasepsi, jumlah paritas ibu, riwayat menderita Penyakit Menular Seksual (PMS), status urban dan perokok pasif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data (Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia) SDKI tahun 2012. Kriteria responden pada penelitian ini adalah responden wanita yang diwawancarai dengan kuisioner wanita SDKI 2012. Jumlah responden yang dianalisis adalah sebesar 32.269 wanita yang eligibel. Analisis yang dilakukan terdiri dari analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Penelitian ini menunjukan prevalensi kehamilan ektopik di Indonesia adalah sebesar 0,56% dan prevalensi merokok sebesar 3,31%. Analisis bivariat menunjukan responden yang merokok memiliki risiko 2,64 kali untuk mengalami kehamilan ektopik dibandingkan dengan yang tidak merokok. Setelah dikontrol dengan variabel pendidikan, metode penggunaan kontrasepsi, riwayat menderita penyakit menular seksual (PMS), dan status urban, responden yang merokok memiliki risiko 3,28 kali untuk mengalami kehamilan ektopik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa merokok memiliki hubungan dengan risiko terjadinya kehamilan ektopik. Kata kunci: Kehamilan ektopik, Merokok, Indonesia
ABSTRACT Name : Mira Sri Gumilar Study Program : Epidemiology Title : The Association Between Smoking and Ectopic Pregnancy Risk in Women Aged 15-49 Years in Indonesia 2012 Counsellorr : Prof. Dr. dr. Nasrin Kodim, MPH Maternal mortality rate is a primary indicator for maternal health. In 2015, maternal mortality rate has decreased to 305 for 100.000 live birth, nevertheless this rate does not meet with the MDGs target. Indonesia’s maternal mortality rate is still above from global rate. In Indonesia, there are Three cases that caused maternal death, bleeding, hypertension, and infection. Bleeding can be occurred in early pregnancy or in the end of pregnancy. Bleeding in early pregnancy can be caused by abortion and ectopic pregnancy. Some research showed that one of the risk factor of ectopic pregnancy was smoking. Prevalence of female smoker in Indonesia is 4% in 2010 and increasing in every year. Indonesia has 17 th in rank of prevalence female smoker in the world. This study aim to know about prevalence ectopic pregnancy in Indonesia that can showing the problem about ectopic pregnancy, to know the distribution of ectopic pregnancy and female smoker by province in Indonesia, and to know about the association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy. This study is cross sectional study with ectopic pregnancy as a dependent variable and smoking as main independent variable. Covariate variables for this study are education, contraception method, parity, history of sexually transmitted diseases, urban status and passive smoker. This study use Indonesia Demographic And Health Survey (IDHS) 2012. Responden’s criteria was women that to be interviewed with women questionnaire IDHS 2012. Thera are 32.269 woman who is elgible to include in this study. This study does three step analysis, univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The result shows that prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in Indonesia is 0,56% and prevalence of women smoking in Indonesia is 3,31%. From bivariate analysis shows that female smoker had 2,64 fold to experience ectopic pregnancy compared with non smoker female. After controlled by education, contraception method, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and responden’s residence, female smoker has 3,28 fold to experience ectopic pregnancy comparing with non smoker female. This study has showed that smoking has a relationship with ectopic pregnancy. Key words:Ectopic Pregnancy, Smoking, Indonesian
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a congenital disorder that can have an impact inthe form of permanent mental retardation. Giving the right dose of levothyroxine atthe earliest possible age, can prevent the disruption of growth and development.Newborns do not show symptoms of CH, and unfortunately the symptoms appear inthe late period and in many cases it shows growth disorders. The congenitalhypothyroidism screening (CHS) program has been implemented to find infant caseswith CH, and followed up with treatment.Although it has been made since 2006, Minister of Health just issued the regulationin 2014 on the implementation of CHS in Indonesia. This economic evaluation of theCHS program in 2014-2015 was done using cost analysis, while outcome obtainedfrom the systematic review (SR). The assumptions used in the analysis weredeveloped based on real data from a CHS screening program in two referrallaboratories in Jakarta and Bandung. Out of 56.186 screened babies, 24 babies werefound as CH positive cases.The result of the SR revealed that the earlier onset of initiation therapy, the moreadequate dose and the more continuous therapy given to the patient, the better resultwill be achieved. It will prevent the patients from severe complications of CH andwill improve the quality of thegrowth and development..The study found that the economic benefit is achieved in the second year of CHtreatment, since the pathological symptoms generally appear at the age of 3-6 monthand parents seek care in the second year. Consequently, cost to treat patients willincrease. The cost of screening and early treatment was found worthy as compared toeconomic loss resulting from growth disorders.Key words:Congenital Hypothyroid screening, cost, outcome
