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In Indonesia, the number of HIV cases tends to increase every year. The highest percentage of HIV occurs in the age group of 20-49 years, which includes the childbearing age and the age of marriage for women in Indonesia. In addition, the number of AIDS cases among housewives is second. Housewives can be at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS because of risky sexual behavior with their partners, such as when a husband infected with HIV/AIDS transmits it to his wife through unsafe sex or transmission from a husband who has sex outside and then has sex with a partner. However, there are still married women who cannot negotiate safer sex with their partners. This is of particular concern because when a housewife infected with HIV/AIDS becomes pregnant, she can potentially transmit HIV to her baby. Meanwhile, housewives have not become a key target of the HIV/AIDS program. The purpose of this study was to determine of women?s ability to negotiate safer sex to prevent HIV/AIDS in Indonesia based on the 2017 IDHS data analysis. This study used a cross-sectional study design with a sample of women aged 15-49 years old who are married/live together with their spouses. The results of this study indicate that the factors that influence the ability of married women to negotiate safer sex are work, asset ownership, household decision making, communication with partners related to HIV, age differences, differences in education, place of residence, and knowledge related to HIV/AIDS. Thus, the intervention to improve the ability of married women to negotiate safer sex can take these factors into account.
Tolok ukur keberhasilan pembangunan adalah peningkatan kesejahteraan penduduk. Sesuai dengan komitmen pembangunan nasional yang pada hakekatnya bersifat adil, demokrasi, terbuka, partisipatif dan terintegrasi, maka pada saat ini, pemerintah berupaya mengurangi kesenjangan pembangunan yang terjadi antar daerah, terutama pada daerah-daerah yang sulit dijangkau, rawan konflik/bencana, aksesibilitas yang rendah serta infrastruktur yang terbatas yang dikenal dengan Daerah Tertinggal. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh pada tingkat kesejahteraan adalah besarnya beban yang ditanggung oleh satu keluarga. Semakin banyak jumlah anak, berarti semakin besar tanggungan kepala rumah tangga dalam memenuhi kebutuhan material dan spiritual anggota rumah tangganya. Bagi daerah tertinggal, angka pertambahan jumlah penduduk akan menjadi beban tersendiri, padahal sumber daya daerah tersebut sangat terbatas. Dengan demikian, program yang perlu diprioritaskan oleh Daerah Tertinggal adalah program KB. Dan hasil analisis SDKI 2002-2003, menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi pemakaian kontrasepsi di Indonesia sebesar 60%, sedangkan untuk Daerah Tertinggal, belum ada data tentang prevalensi pemakaian kontrasepsi. Dengan penelitian ini, diharapkan akan didapatkan gambaran tentang pemakaian kontrasepsi, faktor-faktor yang berhubungan, serta faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi pada wanita usia subur di Daerah Tertinggal Indonesia yang terdaftar dalam SDKI 2002-2003. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut dari data SDKI 2002-2003 dengan desain cross sectional, dengan populasi berjumlah 1315 wanita usia subur yang tersebar di 9 propinsi. Pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan aplikasi analisis regresi logistic ganda. Analisis mencakup analisis univariabel, analisis bivariabel dengan Khi Kuadrat dan regresi logistik sederhana serta analisis multivariabel dengan regresi logistik multivariat. Hash analisis menunjukkan prevalensi pemakaian kontrasepsi pada wanita usia subur di Daerah Tertinggal masih rendah (45,9%) dan faktor sosiodemografi yaitu pendidikan responder, pekerjaan responden, jumlah anak yang dilahirkan mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi, sedangkan faktor akses terhadap media/informasi yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi adalah akses media televisi, akses informasi melalui keluarga, teman/tetangga serta akses informasi melalui tokoh masyarakatlagama. Dui 6 faktor tersebut, faktor jumlah anak yang dilahirkan merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi. Berdasarkan hasil di atas, untuk percepatan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Daerah Tertinggal, disarankan agar dibentuk kerjasama lintas sektoral antara Kementerian Negara Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, BKKBN dan Depkes dalam penguatan kelembagaan dan jaringan KB serta perlunya peningkatan promosi dan informasi KB, balk melalui media televisi, peningkatan peran tokoh masyarakatlagama dan petugas kesehatan/KB. Sedangkan dari hasil penelitian terhadap faktor pendidikan, disarankan bagi Departemen Pendidikan bekerjasama dengan Kementerian PDT untuk lebih memperhatikan tingkat pendidikan masyarakat di Daerah Tertinggal.
The parameter of a successful development of the nation is a noted of the increasing on its citizen's well being. As the national development commitment, which has characteristics on fairness, democracy, openness, participated, and integrated, the government is try to reduce the disparity of the development between regions in Indonesia, especially to those area that remote, at risk for natural disaster or conflict, having low accessibility, and Iimited on infrastructures, that we know as underprivileged areas. One of factor that influence the level of citizen's well being is the dependency ratio of the family has. The more they have children, the more they likely to have greater family members dependency and have to responsible in fulfilling the need for their family members, materially and spiritually. In case of underprivileged areas, the increase on population number will be another burden, as they only have limited resources. Therefore, a program that has to be prioritized is a Family Planning Program. Results from the prior analyses of Indonesia DI-IS 2002 - 2003 showed that the contraceptive use prevalence of Indonesia is as high as 60%, but there in no figure for the underprivileged areas. Therefore, a continuation analyses of the data has been conducted in order to describe on factors related on contraceptive uses, as well as the most factors related to the contraceptive uses among women at reproductive age (WRA) at underprivileged areas that Iisted on Indonesia DHS 2002 - 2003. There are 9 (nine) provinces listed as underprivileged areas that comprises in number of population on WRA as 1315 people. The data is analyzed using double logistic regression, which consists of univariable analyses, bivariable analyses with Chi-square and simple logistic regression, and multivariable analyses with multivariate logistic regression. Analyses has showed that contraceptive use prevalence among WRA at underprivileged areas is still low (45.9%) and socio-demographic factors such as education, occupation, and number children ever born (CEB), is related significantly with the contraceptive use. While factors on access to media/information that also have significantly related with contraceptive use are television, family/friends/neighbors, and community/religious leaders. From those 6 (six) factors, CEB is the most or dominant factor that related to contraceptive uses. Regarding to the analyses results, in order to accelerate the people's well being at the underprivileged areas, it is suggested that there should be a strong inter-sectors collaboration between National Ministry on The Development of Underprivileged Areas, National Family Planning Coordination Board and Ministry of Health to enhance the institutional and networking on promoting and dissemination of the information on Family PIanning through television, increase the role of community/religious leaders, as well as its FP providers. Another important findings upon education factors, it is suggested that collaboration between Ministry of National Education and National Ministry on The Development of Underprivileged Areas is also needed in order to increase the level of education among people at the underprivileged areas.
dependent Infant survival is defined as the ability of infants to survive through life up to 1 year old. Infant survival is the opposite of infant mortality is the death that occurred between after birth until the baby has not exactly 1 year old. In 2012, Indonesia IMR reported as 32 per 1,000 live births. This figure is relatively high compared to the Asia countries with similar socio-economic conditions. Moreover, the gap of IMR also occurred in socio-economic level within Indonesia. Socio-economic status is the primary factor determining survival of infants. Socio-economic status will affect infant survival through maternal factors, nutrition, baby's condition at birth, disease control and environment. This study aims to reveal the infant survival in Indonesia and its determinants based on data IDHS 2012. This study uses Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012. The result shows that probability of infant survival in Indonesia amounted to 97,8%. Infant survival decreased sharply in the first months of age 1, wherein the proportion of infant deaths in the neonatal period amounted to 53.8% and neonatal deaths occurred in the age of 0-7 days, by 80%. Based on the results of time-dependent Cox regression, the variables entered into the multivariate model were maternal age when gave birth (20-35 years, HR = 1.9), Maternal employment (officer/employee, HR = 2.2; informal sector/industrial, HR = 3.3 ; agriculture, HR = 2.1), birth weight (<2500 grams, HR = 5.9; not weigh, HR = 2.0), prelakteal feeding (HR = 1.5), post-delivery checked (not checked, HR = 2.2). There is interaction between time with the effects of low birth weight and post- delivery checked in the multivariate model obtained. Keywords : Infant survival, infant death, socio-economics, neonatal, cox time dependent regression
