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Pada era reformasi saat ini terdapat kecenderungan meningkatnya tuntutan dugaan malpraktik pada rumah sakit. Instalasi Gawat Darurat sebagai salah satu unit pelayanan rumah sakit yang berfungsi melayani pasien gawat darurat medis merupakan high clinical risks areas. Masalah asuhan klinis di Instalasi Gawat Darurat bila tidak dikenali dengan baik dapat merugikan pasien, staf medis, ataupun organisasi rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor faktor kontribusi risiko klinis yang mempengaruhi terjadinya adverse outcome di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RS "X" dengan pendekatan metode Reason's organizational model Charles Vincent dan Sally Taylor-Adams. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dengan identifikasi adverse outcome berdasarkan laporan kejadian dari staf Instalasi Gawat Darurat yang memenuhi kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Penelitian dilanjutkan dengan wawancara mendalam, telaah dokumen, dan observasi partisipatif untuk menyusun kronologi. Selanjutnya melalui concensus decison making group ditetapkan masalah pelayanan asuhan klinis (Care Delivery Problem). Setiap Care Delivery Problems yang ditetapkan kemudian ditelusuri lebih lanjut dengan dasar wawancara, telaah dokumen dan observasi untuk menganalisis faktor faktor kontribusi yang langsung mempengaruhinya. Adapun untuk mengetahui faktor kontribusi yang tidak langsung mempengaruhi masalah pelayanan asuhan klinis dilakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap beberapa informan dan telaah dokumen seperti statuta, rencana strategis, dan sejauhmana manajemen risiko telah diterapkan dalam penyelenggraan rumah sakit. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa faktor kontribusi yang secara langsung mempengaruhi masalah asuhan klinis adalah kondisi pasien gawatdarurat medis yang mengancam nyawa dan faktor individu yang kurang memadai ketrampilannya dalam melakukan tindakan resusitasi jantung paru, khususnya manajemen jalan nafas mempunyai kontribusi paling besar terjadinya suatu adverse outcome. Faktor kontribusi lainnya antara lain beban kerja staf medis, belum lengkapnya SOP observasi pasien yang memerlukan perawatan intensif untuk stabilisasi, SOP tindakan venaseksi sebagai jalur intravena pasien dehidrasi berat dengan syok dan komunikasi tertulis yang kurang Iengkap, serta peralatan medis untuk pemantauan pasien selama dilakukan observasi di Instalasi Gawat Darurat. Faktor kontribusi yang tidak langsung mempengaruhi masalah pelayanan asuhan klinis adalah faktor konteks institusional yang banyak menyoroti Undang Undang No. 9 tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran sebagai aspek medikolegal yang sangat berpengaruh pada masalah pelayanan asuhan klinis dan perubahan perilaku masyarakat yang cenderung kritis dan serba menuntut. Adapun faktor organisasi dan manajemen didapatkan belum diterapkannya manajemen risiko secara formal dan terstruktur di RS "X". Saran yang disampaikan adalah bagi RS "X" agar menerapkan secara formal dan terstruktur manajemen risiko, bagi Instalasi Gawat Darurat untuk meningkatkan kapasitas Instalasi Gawat Darurat dengan melakukan pelatihan pelatihan bagi staf medis yang belum terampil khusus ketrampilan manajemen jalan nafas, ketrampilan komunikasi dan ketrampilan venaseksi, dan melengkapi SOP yang belum tersedia, serta melengkapi peralatan medis untuk pemantauan kondisi pasien selama dilakukan observasi.
Nowdays in reformation era there are tendency increasing demand of malpractice assumtion in hopital practice. Emergency department as one of hospital unit services which funcion is to serve medical emergency patient as high clinical risk areas. The lack identification of care delivery problems in emergency department could be disadvantages to the patient, medical staff, and hospital organization. The objectives of this research is to find out the contribution factors clinical risks which influence adverse outcome in emergency department. The research was held in emergency department, "X" Hospital with the reason's organizational model approach method which had been expanded by Charles Vincent and Sally Taylor Adams in healthcare services. Research phase is started by adverse outcome identification based on report case from emergency department staff and fulfil official criteria. Research continued with interview, document study and aprticitive observation to arrange cronology. Next on, by concensus decision making group, care delivery problems determined. To each care delivery problems carry out an interview, document study and observation to analyze directly influence of contribution factors. To find out background contribution factor of care delivery problems profound interview is made to some informan, document study for example, statuta, strategic plan, and how far risk management had been carry out in hospital operation. Research result shows that contribution factors directly influence care delivery problems is patient condition of medical emergency condition threatens life and the lack skill of individual factor in cardiopulmonary resucitation, specialIy airway management which has the most contribution to an adverse outcome occurance. The other contribution factor are medical staff workload, uncomplete patient observation stnadard operating procedure which need more ontencive care for stabilization, standard operating procedure for venasectie action as intravena Iine of hard dehydration patient and uncomplete written communication, also medical tools to monitor the patient while observation in emergency department. Contribution factors indirectly influence care delivery problems is institutional context factor that focusing more to constitusion nomor 9 year 2004 about medical practice as medicolegal aspect and its most influence for care delivery problems, another factor is changing behaviour of the people and tendency to more critical and high demand. In organization and management factor, there are structural and formal risk management haven't been applying yet in "X" Hospital. Conform to research result suggest "X" Hospital have to applied formal and structural risk management, capasity increased for emergency departement by training skill for unskilled medical staff especially in management airway skill, communication skill, and venasectie skill, complete all unavaible medical tolls to monitoring patient while observation.
Hospital is a health facility that organizes health service activities. Apart from having a positive impact, hospitals also have a negative impact, namely the presence of waste generated from hospital activities, which if not handled properly will have an impact on public health and the environment. In March 2020 there was a non-natural disaster from the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia which caused the production of solid medical waste in hospitals to increase significantly, thus requiring an increase in its management capacity in terms of quantity and quality. Dr. Rumkital Mintohardjo as one of the covid19 referral hospitals has implemented waste management even though it is not optimal. This study aims to analyze the management of solid hazardous and toxic (B3) waste through a systems approach at Dr. Rumkital. Mintohardjo. This type of research is observational, which describes the B3 solid waste management system starting from the input, process, and output to find out the problems that exist in the hazardous solid waste management system at Dr. Rumkital. Mintohardjo. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from in-depth interviews and direct observations, while secondary data were obtained from reviewing existing documents. The problem at the input stage is the lack of officers in the environmental health department, while at the process stage the problem lies in the implementation procedure for B3 solid waste management which is still not optimal (not in accordance with the established standards) and the capacity of the incinerator machine which is not proportional to the amount of B3 waste generation. solid. At the output stage, it is expected that all solid hazardous waste generation will be managed properly. Because there are problems in the management of B3 solid waste, it is necessary to improve the management of B3 solid waste and regular management evaluations in order to create a healthy hospital environment
