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Efficiency with quality control and cost control can be done by applying thecalculation of the hospital cost of treatment based on clinical pathways.In theimplementation of the National Health Insurance beginning on January 1, 2014,application of INA rates CBG managed by Health BPJS polemical to the hospital,because of some cases, tariffs applied to experience the difference in rates.Differences also occur in tariff rates between treatment classes. Seeing this, theauthors conducted a study in Tangerang district general hospital in April 2014.This study aimed to obtain the cost of treatment based on clinical pathwaysapendiktomi surgery and analyze the difference between the cost of treatmentclasses at the same rate compares with rates hospitals and INA CBG. Thisresearch is quantitative with qualitative approach through cross sectional dataretrieval. From the results, the difference in the price paid for the same service(cost Shifting) in the calculation of the cost of treatment based on clinicalpathways difference in cost to be borne by the patient or the guarantor is the onlytreatment room accommodation costs. The difference between the cost of the classis as follows: cost of treatment of Class II to Class I medical expenses by 3% andthe cost of treatment of Class II to Class III medical expenses by 3%. Given thiscalculation, the hospital and BPJS is expected to have guideline calculations tarifftreatment between classes based on the calculation of the cost of treatment basedon clinical pathways.
Dalam era globalisasi tumbuhnya rumah sakit menyebabkan terjadinya kompetisi antar rumah sakit yang makin keras untuk dapat merebut pasar yang semakin terbuka lebar. Hal ini mendorong pihak rumah rumah sakit maupun stakeholder untuk menghitung secara riil berapa biaya pelayanan yang dibutuhkan sehingga dapat menjadi alat dalam pembiayaan pelayanan kesehatan tanpa mengurangi mutu pelayanan yang diberikan, yaitu dengan melakukan analisis perhitungan biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran biaya satuan tindakan appendiktomi akut di kamar operasi rumah sakit X dengan menghitung biaya langsung dan tidak langsung yang terjadi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian operational research dan bersifat deskriptif analisis dengan menggunakan data sekunder rumah sakit tahun 2010 di RS X Jakarta. Metode perhitungan biaya menggunakan metode ABC (Activity Based Costing) dan distribusi sederhana. Metode ABC untuk mengalokasikan biaya langsung dengan menghitung biaya dari kegiatan yang terjadi menggunakan cost driver berdasarkan waktu kegiatan. Metode distribusi sederhana untuk mengalokasikan biaya tidak langsung yang secara tidak langsung terlibat dalam pelayanan appendiktomi dengan melakukan pendistribusian biaya dari unit penunjang ke unit produksi (kamar operasi). Biaya satuan aktual appendiktomi sebesar Rp. 5.344.551,48,- dan biaya satuan normatif sebesar Rp. 5.312.912,-. Biaya operasional jasa medis dan paramedis merupakan biaya yang terbesar.
In an era of growing globalization of the hospital which led to competition among hospitals is increasingly more difficult to capture the wide open market. This prompted the hospital as well as the stakeholders to quantify how much the real cost of services is needed, and could be a reference tool in health care financing without reducing the quality of service provided by analyzing the cost calculation. The objective of this study is to determine the amount of unit cost in acute appendectomy surgery at operating room of hospital X by calculating the direct costs and indirect costs. This research type is operational research and descriptive analysis by using secondary data from hospital X Jakarta for the year 2010. Methods of cost calculation are ABC (Activity Based Costing) and simple distribution. ABC method is used for allocating direct costs by calculating the cost of activities that occur using time-based cost driver activity. Simple distribution method is used for allocating indirect costs that are not directly involved in appendectomy service by distribution of unit costs which supports the production unit (operating room). Actual unit cost of appendectomy surgery is Rp. 5.344.551,48, - and normative unit cost is Rp. 5.312.912, -. Operational costs of medical and paramedical consumable materials become the largest consumption.
The Ministry of Health's Public Service Agency Hospital (BLU RS) has a unique function, namely as a health care center, education center, as well as research center. RS BLU also has special revenue sources beyond APBN budget, which is obtained from the service and nonservice unit. BLU source of income is included in the Non-Tax Revenues and can be managed by the RS BLU itself. Between the years of 2011-2015 there was an increase to the income of RS BLU, but subsidy of APBN was also increasing. In order to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of APBN's utilization, RS BLU's budget planning and utilization should be pursued as good as possible. This study discusses the analysis of budget's utilization of MoH's Public Service Agency Hospitals in Jakarta, Bogor, and Tangerang during the year of 2014 by using quantitative data that is processed by cross-tabulation technique and qualitative data from indepth interviews and document analysis. The study states that the characteristics of the RS BLU and funding sources have contributed to the budget utilization of RS BLU
Waiting time is one indicator of health services. The increase in waiting time in the Emergency Department (ED) has an impact on longer treatment days, increased mortality and reduced patient satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of stay for services at the emergency department of the Tangerang General Hospital using lean method to determine waste at each stage of activity. This research method is operational research with qualitative and quantitative approaches, primary data sources taken from direct observation using time motion study techniques and in-depth interviews. The waiting time at the ER at the Tangerang Regency General Hospital is 852.92 minutes for inpatients and 564.24 minutes for outpatients. The length of time for each service is as follows: triage is 11.83 minutes, waiting time for an emergency room doctor examination is 32.25 minutes, drug administration time and action is 22.33 minutes, waiting time for laboratory examination is 106.07 minutes, waiting time for examination radiology 140.15 minutes, waiting time for specialist doctor consultation 146.54 minutes, waiting time for inpatient registration 164.8 minutes, waiting time for inpatient admission 58.5 minutes, patient administration time going home 89.6 minutes. The largest nonvalued added activity is waiting for specialist consultations. Found 2 types of waste, namely waiting (93.3%) and motion (6.7%). After conducting an analysis using the 5 why method, the root of the problem was found in the number of nurses, not yet maximally carrying out tupoksi, hospital information system applications that are less user friendly, specialist doctors are not standby and consultation SOPs are not optimally run, lack of clinical experience of doctors ER, as well as the unavailability of the ward. The conclusion, t the waiting time in the ER at the Tangerang General Hospital exceeds the standard time (4 hours). The lean approach is appropriate to look for waste in health service activities so that problem solving efforts can be obtained to improve service waiting times in the IGD RSU Tangerang Gneral Hospital
The complexity of medical services in a hospital creates a change for an error, particularly on an invasive action in surgery unit. This study is aimed to analyse events and contributing factors to medical error in the inpatient unit regarding patient safety in a district hospital.
Masalah logistik Instalasi Bedah Sentral di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Karawang adalah tidak berfungsinya fasilitas penyimpanan dengan baik. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk membuat rencana fasilitas penyimpanan logistik Intalasi Bedah Sentral di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Karawang. Rencana fasilitas penyimpanan meliputi rencana ruang penyimpanan dan prosedur serta sistem informasi yang mendukung fasilitas penyimpanan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif analitik. Hasil penelitian menemukan ruang penyimpanan steril dan depo farmasi yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan dan pelaksanaan prosedur dan sistem informasi yang tidak maksimal. Berdasarkan penggabungan teori logistik dan peraturan mengenai kamar bedah, instrumen bedah, linen dan farmasi, maka disusun perencanaan yang menyarankan suatu rencana yaitu pemisahan ruang penyimpanan barang steril dengan non steril dan pengaturan depo farmasi dengan tata letak, alur proses barang, area fungsional dan perlengkapan pergudangan yang memenuhi persyaratan penyimpanan yang baik; sebagai pendukung ruang penyimpanan, diatur juga prosedur penyimpanan dan pengambilan, pencatatan dan pelaporan serta perangkat lunak yang sesuai dengan teori penyimpanan dan kebutuhan di lapangan. Kata Kunci: Fasilitas Penyimpanan, Logistik Instalasi Bedah, Ruang Penyimpanan, Prosedur dan Sistem Informasi
Logistical problems of the Central Surgical Installation in Karawang Regional General Hospital is not functioning properly the storage facility. This thesis aims to make the plan for storage facilities of the Installation Central Surgery logistics at Karawang Regional General Hospital. Planning of storage facilities include storage space plans and procedures and information systems that support the storage facility. This study is a qualitative research design with descriptive analytic. The results found that sterile storage room and pharmaceutical depots that do not meet the requirements and implementation of procedures and information systems are not optimal. Based on combining of logistics theory and regulations concerning the operating room, surgical instruments, linen and pharmaceuticals, then prepared a draft plan recommends the separation of storage room for non-sterile and sterile materials, and pharmaceutical depot arrangements with the layout, process flow of materials, functional areas and warehousing equipment which meet the storage requirements of materials; as a supporter of storage room, well arranged storage and retrieval procedures, record keeping and reporting as well as the software in accordance with the theory of storage and needs in the field. Keyword: Storage Facilities, Logistics of Installation Surgery, Storage Room, Procedures and Information Systems
ABSTRAK Nama : Firda Tania Program Studi: Kajian Administrasi Rumah Sakit Judul : Cost and Outcome Analysis Tindakan Hemodialisis Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik (GGK) di Rumah Sakit Kelas B dan C Tahun 2016 Latar belakang: GGK merupakan kondisi yang semakin meningkat kejadiannya, menghabiskan banyak biaya dan mengakibatkan hilangnya produktivitas. Sejak 2014, BPJS menanggung sebagian besar biaya hemodialisis (HD) di Indonesia dengan besaran tarif yang berbeda sesuai kelas Rumah Sakit (RS). Pertanyaan penelitian ini ialah apakah tarif BPJS yang dibayarkan lebih tinggi pada kelas RS lebih tinggi menghasilkan hasil yang lebih baik atau malah mencerminkan inefisiensi. Selain itu, perlu diketahui pula apakah terdapat perbedaan biaya yang sebenarnya dikeluarkan RS dengan kelas berbeda untuk menyelenggarakan HD. Metode: Studi evaluasi ekonomi ini dilakukan di dua RS dengan kelas berbeda: kelas B (RS B) dan kelas C (RS C). Responden dipilih dari pasien GGK yang menjalani HD di kedua RS selama Februari-April 2016. Analisis biaya menurut perspektif pasien dengan metode kuantitatif, sedangkan perspektif RS dengan metode kualitatif. Analisis hasil dilakukan penilaian kualitas hidup (instrumen EQ-5D), IDWL dan Hb. Perbedaan rerata nilai hasil diuji dengan Student’s t-test. Hasil: Pada penelitian, total responden sebanyak 100 orang (RS B 76 orang & RS C 24 orang). Menurut perspektif pasien, biaya langsung medis HD selama sebulan di RS B Rp5.215.331 dan di RS C Rp7.781.744. Biaya langsung non medis HD selama sebulan di RS B Rp566.260 dan di RS C Rp334.500. Biaya tidak langsung HD selama sebulan di RS B Rp165.530 dan di RS C Rp45.830. Rerata total biaya HD selama sebulan di RS B Rp6.149.285 dan di RS C Rp8.162.077. Menurut perspektif RS, tidak terdapat perbedaan biaya yang sebenarnya dikeluarkan oleh RS dengan kelas berbeda untuk menyelenggarakan HD. Pada hasil didapatkan bahwa rerata Hb pada RS B (M=10,26) berbeda secara signifikan dengan RS C (M=8,21), t(98)= 8,244, p= 0,000. Rerata IDWL pada RS B (M= 0,0403) tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan RS C (M= 0,0438), t(98)= -1,326, p= 0, 188. Rerata EQ Indeks pada RS B (M= 0,7178) tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan RS C (M= 0,7208), t(98)= -0,075 p= 0,94. Rerata EQVAS pada RS B (M= 64,74) tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan RS C (M= 64,79), t(98)= -0,018 p= 0,986. Kesimpulan: Pada penilaian efektivitas HD tanpa melibatkan tambahan sumber daya, tidak terdapat perbedaan hasil secara signifikan diantara kedua kelas RS. Fakta bahwa pengeluaran yang lebih besar dari BPJS tidak mengakibatkan hasil kesehatan yang lebih baik biasanya diinterpretasikan sebagai bukti adanya inefisiensi. Biaya RS dengan kelas berbeda untuk menyelenggarakan HD pun tidak berbeda karena secara persyaratan sama. Perbedaan biaya medis langsung dari billing RS berkaitan dengan status kepemilikan RS dan perbedaan rerata Hb berkaitan dengan perbedaan akses terhadap koreksi anemia yang ada di kedua RS. Kata Kunci: Cost and Outcome Analysis, Hemodialisis, Kelas RS, Tarif BPJS
ABSTRACT Name : Firda Tania Study Program: Hospital Administration Title : Cost and Outcome Analysis of Hemodialysis on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients at Class B and C Hospital in 2016 Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing condition, which consumes a lot of cost and causes productivity lost. Since 2014, BPJS has covered most of hemodialysis (HD) in Indonesia with different tariff according to hospital’s classification. The research question is whether higher tariff paid to higher hospital class produced better outcome or otherwise reflecting inefficiency. The other question is whether hospital’s real cost to effectuate HD unit was different according to hospital’s class. Methods: This economic evaluation study was conducted in two hospitals with different classification; class B (B Hospital) and class C (C Hospital). Respondents were chosen from CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis in both hospital during Februari to April 2016. Costs from patient’s perspective were analyzed using quantitative method, while hospital’s perspective were analyzed using qualitative method. As outcomes, HRQOL assessed using EQ-5D instrument, mean IDWL & Hb. Differences in outcomes tested using T-test. Results: In this study, total respondents participated were 100 patients; 76 from B hospital and 24 from C hospital. According to patient’s perspective, HD direct medical cost monthly average was IDR 5.215.331 in B hospital and IDR 7.781.744 in C hospital, direct non medical cost monthly average was IDR 566.260 in B hospital and IDR 334.500 in C hospital and indirect cost monthly average was IDR 165.530 in B hospital and IDR 45.830 in C hospital, so total HD cost monthly average was IDR 6.149.285 in B hospital and IDR 8.162.077. According to hospital’s perspective, there were no difference in hospital’s real cost to effectuate HD unit. Outcome results found that mean Hb in B hospital (10,26) were significantly different from mean Hb in C hospital (8,21), t(98)= 8,244, p=0,000. While mean IDWL in B (0,0403) were not significantly different with mean IDWL in C (0,0438), t(98)= -1,326, p=0,188. Mean EQ Indeks score (0,7178) and EQ VAS score (64,74) in B hospital were not significantly different with mean EQ Indeks score (0,7208) and EQ VAS (64,79) in C hospital, t(98)=0,075, p=0,94 and t(98)=-0,018, p=0,986 respectively. Conclusion: This findings showed that in hemodialysis effectivity assessment which did not include the use of additional resources from standard (PMK No. 812/2010), there were no significant difference in outcome in two different class of hospitals. Higher CBGs tariff for higher class of hospital had not produced better health outcome, which usually interpreted as an evidence of inefficiency. Hospital’s real cost to effectuate HD unit were not different since the requirements were the same (PMK 812/2010). Difference in direct medical cost from hospital billing related to hospital’s ownership status and difference of mean Hb related to different access to anemia correction in both hospital. Keywords: Cost & Outcome Analysis, Hemodialysis, Hospital Class, BPJS tariff
