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Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) terutama pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi dan anak balita di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Dari 15 juta kematian yang diperkirakan terjadi dikalangan anak di bawah usia lima tahun (balita) setiap tahun di negara berkembang, kira-kira 4 juta kematian (26,6 %) disebabkan oleh penyakit ISPA terutama pneumonia. Di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir penyakit pneumonia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan dimana dari data prosentase sepuluh penyebab kematian balita sebesar 30 % menempati urutan teratas.Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia balita dalam wilayah Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir tahun 2002. Studi ini menggunakan desain kasus-kontrol. Kasus adalah balita yang menderita radang paru ditetapkan berdasarkan kriteria diagnosis Puskesmas yang di dalam registernya dinyatakan sebagai penderita pneumonia, sedangkan kontrol adalah anak balita yang bertempat tinggal dalam satu kelurahan/desa dengan tempat tinggal kasus. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada ibu balita dan dilakukan observasi dengan cara pengukuran dan pengamatan untuk mendapatkan data kepadatan rumah dan keadaan ventilasi. Analisis data meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil akhir uji multivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara ventilasi hunian OR=4,21 (95 % CI: 2,0-8,6) p=0,000, riwayat pemberian vitamin A OR=4,14 (95 % Cl: 2,4-7,0) p=0,000 kepadatan hunian 0R=3,41 (95 % CI: 2,0-5,6) p=0,000, adanya perokok dalam keluarga OR= 2,97 (95 % CI:1,6-5,2) F0,000, imunisasi campak OR-2,21 (95 % CI: 1,3-3,6) p=0,002, dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita.Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar pemberian vitamin A secara gratis setiap bulan Februari dan Agustus diantarkan langsung oleh kader ke rumah balita, bukan ibu balita yang mengambil kerumah kader/kepala desa. Mengadakan penyuluhan kesehatan masyarakat mengenai pengaruh buruk rokok terhadap kesehatan balita, manfaat imunisasi campak dalam rangka untuk mencegah terjadinya pneumonia pada balita. Kerja sama lintas sektoral dengan Dinas Pekerjaan umum dalam rangka memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan perumahan terutama mengenai ventilasi hunian yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan kepadatan hunian.
Acute respiratory infection especially pneumonia, is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity of infant and children in developing countries included Indonesia. U the developing countries, about 4 millions out of 15 millions under five deaths every year are due to acute respiratory tract infection. In Ogan Komering Ilir district, pneumonia is still a major health problem and also a number one rank among ten cause of children under five years morbidity rate with 33 %.The aim of this study is to investigate factors related to pneumonia incidence in children under five years in Ogan Komering Ilir district in 20002. Design of this study is case control. The case is under-five with pneumonia that diagnosed by Puskesmas noted as pneumonia in the register book and the control is under-five children live in the same house crowdedness and ventilation condition. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.Multivariate analysis show five independent variable that related to pneumonia incidence in under-five children, that is ventilation condition OR 4.21 (95 % CI: 20-8.6) p=0.0000, vitamin A consumption history OR 4.14 (95 % CI: 2.4-7.0) p=0.0000, housing crowdedness OR 3.41 (95% CI: 2.0-5.6) p=0.0000, smokers among family OR 2.97 (95% Cl: 1.6-5.2) p= 0.0000, and measles immunization OR 2.21 (95% CI: I.3-3.6) p=0.0002.Based on the research, it is suggested that free vitamin A distributed on February and August could be dropped directly to under-five children's mothers instead of picked up by under-five children's mothers to cadres of village's house. Health promotion program about smoking adverse effect to under-five children health and measles immunization advantages to prevent pneumonia incidence in under-five children should be conducted in the community. Inter-sector's coordination with the Dinas Pekerjaan Umum should be implemented in order to improve quality of housing environment especially healthy and crowdedness.
There are an estimated 120 million cases of pneumonia every year worldwide, resultingin as many as 1.3 million deaths. Every year pneumonia is always ranked as the leadingcause of death of infants and toddlers in Indonesia. This study aims to determine thefactors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in infants (12-59 months) in DKIJakarta Province. The study used secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. The researchdesign used was cross sectional. The results showed the proportion of the incidence ofpneumonia in toddlers was 5.7%. There is no statistically significant relationship betweentoddler characteristics and mother characteristics with the incidence of pneumonia. Theproportion of pneumonia is higher in toddlers aged 25-59 months (OR = 1.852), male(OR = 1.2), complete measles immunization status (OR = 1,448), complete DPT-HB-HiBimmunization status (OR = 1.069), complete vitamin A status (OR = 1.189), and havehighly educated mothers (OR = 1.779). Therefore it is necessary to develop a pneumoniaprevention program for toddlers based on these risk factors, as well as counseling to thecommunity especially mothers and other closest people who is taking care of toddlersabout the symptoms and prevention of pneumoniaKey words:Pneumonia, toddlers, DKI Jakarta.
Diarrhea is an infectious disease that causes death in infants and children under five. The cause of diarrhea is strongly influenced by various risk factors, including child factors and maternal, environment, and family economic factors. This study used a cross sectional study design with univariate, bivariate, and stratified analysis. The data used is secondary data from the 2017 IDHS. The sample used is 906 children under five. The result of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the age factor of child under five (nilai p: 0,000; OR=2,54; 95%CI 1,67-3,85) and family sanitation facilities (niai p= 0,004; OR= 1,71; 95%CI 1,19-2,47) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. The stratification analysis showed that there was a relation between the age of the child under five and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five according to the mother?s education, history of exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, are of the residence and family economic.
Kata kunci: Pneumonia, Baduta, Indonesia, Riskesdas 2013
