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LATAR BELAKANG: Di Indonesia faktor yang mempengaruhi terkendalinya gejala putus opiat belum diketahui. Dengan mengetahui faktor-faktor tersebut dapat dipakai untuk prognostik terkendalinya gejala putus opiat, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian hal tersebut.METODE: Penelitian kohor historikal pasien ketergantungan opiat yang dirawat inap di RS Ketergantungan Obat 1 Januari 2000-31 Desmber 2001. Semua pasien wanita (60 orang) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diambil, dan pasien laki-laki diambil 130 secara sistematik dari 914 pasien laki-laki yang masuk kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dengan survival analysis menggunakan cox proportional hazard untuk mencari perhitungan pengendalian gejala putus opiat.HASIL: Waktu yang diperlukan untuk terkendalinya gejala putus opiat antara 3 - 16 hari dengan rata-rata 9 hari. Umur terbanyak 21-30 tahun dengan rata-rata 23 tahun. Umur termuda pertama kali menyalahgunakan opiat adalah 12 tahun, lama penyalahgunaan antara 6 bulan sampai 15 tahun, cara pakai sebagian besar (88,4%) menggunakan jarum suntik. Kebanyakan adalah pengangguran (54,2%). Faktor pemberian terapi tidak bermakna secara statistik dalam pengendalian gejala putus opiat. Gender laki-laki lebih mudah terkendali 1,71 kali dibanding gender perempuan (CI 95% 1,17; 2,49; p O,006).KESIMPULAN: Perempuan lebih susah dikendalikan gejala putus opiatnya, oleh karena itu memerlukan perhatian lebih banyak dibandingkan gender laki-laki.Gender and Risk That Can Handle Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome for Opiate Dependency
BACKGROUND: Factors can influence opiate withdrawal syndrome in Indonesia there is no detail data. With the most important factor, could be better to manage them especially when they are being hospitalized.METHODS: Cohort historical study about opiate dependence patients who are being hospitalized in Drug Dependence Hospital Jakarta from January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2001. All the women include in criteria as a sample (60 patients), and 130 male patients as a sample with systematic sampling from 914 patients can include in criteria. Data analysis with the survival analysis, using cox proportional hazard to find number of controlled opiate withdrawal syndrome.RESULTS: The opiate withdrawal syndrome can be controlled in 3 - 16 days and 9 days in average. The range of age is 2151 to 30 years old and 23 years old in average. The youngest age using opiate is 12 years old. The length of abuse is between 6 month to 15 years, using needle is 88,4 %, mostly is jobless (54,2%). Treatment factor is not significant statistically. Men is easier to control, it's about 1,71 times than women (CI 95 % 1,71;2,49, p = 0,006)CONCLUSIONS: Women need more attention to get at the best results opiate withdrawal syndrome.
Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka kambuh (relapse) pada para pecandu Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat Adiktif (Napza) secaxa umum diasumsikan tidak akan berbeda jauh dengan angka relapse pada para pecandu jenis opiat. Masih saja angka relapse terbilang tinggi, bahkan dapat dikatakan penyalahgunaan ulang (relapse) opiat tersebut merupakan penyakit kronik yang berkali-kali muncul. Dari studi Pattison E.M (1980) yang dikutip Hawari (2000) menunjukkan bahwa angka relapse cukup tinggi yaitu 43,9%. Tujuan: Diketahuinya faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya relapse pada pasien ketergantungan opiat di RSKO Jakarta tahun 2003-2005, menggunakan data sekunder (data rekam medik pasien). Variabel-variabel yang diteliti yaitu faktor individu (jenis keiamin, tingkat pendidikan, golongan umur, status perkawinan, status pekerjaan, dan status infeksi hepatitis) serta faktor vat (pola punggunaan, lama pakai, cara pakai, iiekuensi pakai, dan kadar Zat). Rancangan Penelitian: Penelitian epidemiologi observasional analitik kasus kontrol. Metode Sampel yang didapatkan 72 kasus dan 84 kontrol, kcmudian dilakukan mndom menggunakan simple random sampling dengan dipilih 72 kasus dan 84 kontrol (1:1). Kasus adalah pasien ketcrgantungan opiat yang menurut catatan dari buku rekam medis; berkunjung berturut-tumt 6 bulan tanpa menggunakan opiat dan kembali berkunjung dcngan keluhan kembali menyalahgunakan opiat, kontrol adalah pasien kctcrganlungzm opiat yang menurut catatan dari buku rekam medik berktmjung berturut- turut 6 bulan tanpa mcnggunkaan opiat dan tetap betkunjung tanpa ada keluhan mcnyalahgunakan opiat. Data dianalisis mengunakan software komputer secara bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil: Variabel yang berhubungan dengan tcrjadinya relapse opiat antara lain tingkat pendidikan, status perkawinan, status hepatitis, lama pakai, dan cara pakai. Sedangkan variabel yang paling dominan adalah status hepatitis, aninya pasien yang menderita hepatitis lebih berisiko untuk relapse dibandingkan pasien yang tidak menderita hepatitis setelah dikontrol variabel lain. Saran: RSKO dapat memberikan pelayanan khusus bagi pasien perempuan serta di bagian rekam rnedik perlu membuat format kajian (pertanyaan) yang lebih lengkap terutama faktor lingkungan sekitar pasien serta penyimpanan data seharusnya sudah menggunakan komputerisasi. Pada pasien diharapkan dapat mengenali diri sendiri terhadap kondisi saat ini sehingga mampu mengatasi hal-hal yang menyebabkan terjadinya relapse. Program studi diharapkan menjadi inisiator penelitian yang lebih mendalam, serta pada peneliti lain diharapkan menyertakan faktor lingkungan dan dilakukan dengan desain kohort prospekryfdengan jumlah sample yang lebih memadai.
Background: It is assumed that the high rate on relapse among drugs addictive in general (addicted to narcotics, psychotropic, and other substances/NAPZA) will not be different with the rate of relapse on opiate addictive. However, relapse occurrence on opiate addictive is relatively high and can be said as chronically disease that always relapse and relapse again. Study by E. M. Pattison (1980) cited by Hawari (2000) showed that relapse rate of the opiate is as high as 43.9%. Objective: To Gnd out factors related to the occurrence of opiate relapse among opiate addictive patients at the drugs addiction hospital (RSKO) in .Takana 2003 - 2005. Study is using secondary data of patient's medical record. Variables of the study are consist of individual factors (sex, age, level of education, marriage status, occupational status, and hepatitis infection status); and substance factors (substance use practical pattems, duration of substance use, way of employ, frequency of using, and level of substance concentration). Study Design: The study is an analytic observational epidemiology research that using a case-control design. Method: Sample is achieved by a simple random sampling and it`s comprised of 72 cases and 84 controls (lzl). The case is deiine as an opiate addictive patient, who has record on being clean from opiate for six months, but retuming to RSKO because of opiate relapse. Meanwhile, the control is an opiate addictive patient, who has record on being clean from opiate and visiting RSKO regularly in six months, and still visiting RSKO without any medical problem of being opiate relapse. Data is analyzed by using statistical software on the computer in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Result: Variables related to thc occurrence of opiate relapse are: level of education, marriage status, hepatitis status, the duration of using substance, and the way of employing the substance use. And the most dominant variable is the hepatitis status, which is mean that patient suffer from hepatitis is more likely to be relapse compare to patient without hepatitis, after it controlled by other variables. Suggestion: RSKO can address special services towards female patient. For the medical record unit, there is c need on improving the assessment forms, especially the assessment of factors surrounding the patient?s environment. It is also suggested that patient's data storage is should be computerized. To the patients, it is suggested to be having more self contentment. Therefore, they have the ability to deal with any problems that trigger the occurrence of relapse. To the study program, it is expected that the program could be as an initiator for other intense and profound research, and other researcher should includes the environ factors and using design of prospective cohon with adequate sample size.
Background: TB is listed as one of the deadliest diseases. The number of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the world is also still quite high. The incidence of drug withdrawal in MDR-TB is higher than the incidence of drug withdrawal in drug sensitive TB. Psychopathology and behavior is one of the main barriers to adherence to treatment. Mindfulness therapy method is part of cognitive - behavioral therapy that uses a psychological prevention approach. Mindfulness therapy method is expected to reduce the rate of drug withdrawal in patients receiving MDR-TB treatment regimens. This study aims to determine the clinical efficacy of mindfulness therapy method in reducing the incidence of drug withdrawal in patients receiving TB MDR therapy regimens along with an analysis of the costs involved. Method: This study is an experimental study with a single blind randomized controlled trial research design. The subjects of the study were patients with pulmonary TB who received the first month MDR-TB therapy regimen and went to the MDR polyclinic at Drajat Prawiranegara Serang General Hospital and South Tangerang General Hospital, Banten. Patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were grouped into two groups namely group A (the mindfulness therapy group) and group B (the usual consultation group as a control) by random permuted blocks random allocation. The basic characteristics of the study subjects, the level of depression, anxiety level, and quality of life in each patient were measured at the beginning of the study. Depression level, anxiety level, and quality of life in each patient were remeasured every month until the total of each patient was obtained 5 times the measurement data. Interventions in the form of mindfulness therapy method and regular consultation will be given once a month in groups so that each patient will get intervention 4 times. The data obtained were analyzed by bivariate t-test analysis and chi square will then proceed with multivariate analysis of multivariate logistic regression. Number needed to treat (NNT) is calculated, and economic analysis will be performed by calculating the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). xi Universitas Indonesia Results: The study subjects in this study were 106 patients with pulmonary TB who received MDR-TB therapy regimen consisting of 65 male patients and 41 female patients. In the bivariate analysis it was found that the variables that had a relationship with the incidence of drug withdrawal were age (p = 0.034), therapeutic status (p = 0.001) and attendance in the sessions (p = 0.001). Mindfulness therapy method did not affect the incidence of drug withdrawal statistically(p = 0.440) but affected clinically. In multivariate analysis, it was found that only meeting attendance variables were associated with drug withdrawal events with p = 0.016 and relative risk (RR) 0.1. In addition, it was also found that the level of depression symptoms and depression index scores between groups A and group B after the completion of the intensive phase of therapy were significantly different with p = 0.012 and p = 0.015. Anxiety index score between group A and group B after the completion of intensive phase therapy also showed a significantly different value of p = 0.040. Calculation of Number Needed to Treat (NNT) shows that it is necessary to do mindfulness therapy method to 20 patients with pulmonary TB who receive intensive phase MDR TB therapy regimen in order to be able to prevent drug withdrawal in 1 patient. Total ideal cost needed for implementing 4 times mindfullness therapy to 50 patients is Rp 72.421.667,- and ideal unit cost per not withdrawal case in mindfulness therapy method group is Rp 1.508.785. ICER for decreasing number of patients with severe depression symptoms by doing mindfulness therapy method when compared to usual consultation is Rp. 299,625, Conclusion: Mindfulness therapy method has not been able to significantly reduce the rate of drug withdrawal statistically but able to reduce clinically in patients with pulmonary TB who are on the intensive phase of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB) regimen. However, mindfulness therapy method in this study can significantly reduce depression symptoms and anxiety scores. Ideal unit cost per not withdrawal case in mindfulness therapy method group is Rp 1.508.785. Keywords Mindfulness therapy method, drug withdrawal, Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis, depression, anxiety, economic analysis.
Pendahuluan : Serologi positif IgG mengindikasikan infeksi kronis dari Toxoplasma gondii. Perilaku seksual dianggap sebagai faktor risiko infeksi Toxoplasma gondii, karena adanya temuan keberadaan parasit ini pada cairan semen dan ejakulasi. Hal ini menjadi landasan dalam menjelaskan hubungan infeksi T. gondii dengan hubungan seks oral. Selain itu, infeksi parasit ini berhubungan dengan konsumsi bahan pangan asal hewan, khususnya daging ternak ruminansia yang dimasak dengan tidak matang. Tujuan Penelitian : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko dan merancang model prediksi serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV/AIDS yang menjalani terapi ARV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi yang mendapatkan pendampingan dari yayasan pendamping pasien HIV/AIDS. Metode Penelitian : Desain studi penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang. Subyek Penelitian adalah 197 pasien HIV. Status serologi IgG positif Toxoplasma gondii diukur menggunakan pemeriksaan ELISA. Hubungan seks oral, hubungan seks anal, konsumsi bahan pangan asal hewan yang dimasak tidak matang (daging ternak ruminansia, daging unggas, ikan dan udang, seafood), konsumsi sayuran mentah, pemeriksaan Toxoplasma gondii pada kucing peliharaan, keberadaan feses kucing di sekitar rumah, kebiasaan tidak mencuci tangan setelah kontak dengan tanah, dan kepemilikan tato merupakan perilaku dan kondisi lingkungan yang diduga menjadi faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Hasil Penelitian: Prevalensi serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV yang menjalani terapi ARV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, dan Bekasi yang mendapatkan pendampingan dari 4 yayasan pendamping pasien HIV/AIDS adalah 65,48%. Hubungan seks oral (aPR:1,56; β:0,446; 95%CI:1,05-2,31;p<0,026) dan konsumsi daging ternak ruminansia bakar (aPR:4,89; β:1,585; 95%CI:2,51-9,50;p<0,001) merupakan faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Analisis permodelan menghasilkan model Prediksi Serologi IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV yang menjalani terapi ARV dan mendapatkan pendampingan dari 4 yayasan pendamping pasien HIV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, dan Bekasi. Status serologi tersebut dapat diukur menggunakan pengamatan hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar. Model ini memiliki tingkat akurasi, sensitivitas, dan spesifisitas model prediksi ini mencapai 87,31%, 97,67%, dan 67,65%. Kesimpulan : Hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar merupakan faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV/AIDS. Proses penapisan (screening) untuk memperkirakan status serologi IgG Toxoplasma gondii, dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar, bersamaan dengan pemeriksaan HIV. Rujukan pemeriksaan serologi Toxoplasma gondii direkomendasikan untuk diberikan kepada pasien HIV/AIDS yang berhubungan seks oral dan mengonsumsi daging ruminansia bakar. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii; hiv; sexual behaviour; risk factor; prediction model
Introduction: IgG-positive serology indicates Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection. Sexual behaviour is considered a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection, due to the presence of this parasite in semen and ejaculate fluids. This finding explains the relationship between T. gondii infection and oral sex. Several studies stated that parasitic infection is related to the consumption of food of animal origin, especially ruminant livestock meat that is undercooked. Research Objectives: This study aims to determine risk factors and design a positive Serology Prediction Model for IgG Toxoplasma gondii in HIV/AIDS patients undergoing ARV therapy in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi areas who receive assistance from HIV/AIDS foundations. Research Method: The design of this study uses a cross-section design. The research subjects were 197 HIV patients. The Serological Status of IgG positive for Toxoplasma gondii was measured using an ELISA methods. Oral sex, anal sex, consumption of food from undercooked animals (ruminant meat, poultry, fish and shrimp, seafood), consumption of raw vegetables, health monitoring in pet cats, the presence of cat faces around the house, the habit of not washing hands after contact with the ground, and the possession of tattoos are behaviours and environmental conditions that are suspected to be risk factors for positive serology IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Results: The prevalence of IgG Toxoplasma gondii positive serology in HIV patients undergoing ARV therapy in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi areas who received assistance from 4 HIV/AIDS patient companion foundations was 65.48%. Oral sex (aPR: 1.56; β: 0.446; 95%CI: 1.05-2.31; p<0.026) and consumption of grilled ruminant livestock (aPR: 4.89; β: 1.585; 95%CI: 2.51-9.50; p<0.001) is a positive serological risk factor for IgG Toxoplasma gondii. The modelling analysis produced a Serological Prediction model of IgG Toxoplasma gondii in HIV patients undergoing ARV therapy and received assistance from 4 HIV patient assistance foundations in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi areas. The serologic status can be measured using observation of oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat. This model has the level of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of this prediction model reaching 87.31%, 97.67%, and 67.65%. Conclusion: Oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat are risk factors for IgG Toxoplasma gondii positive serology in HIV/AIDS patients. The screening process to estimate the serological status of IgG Toxoplasma gondii can be done by measuring oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat, along with HIV screening. Toxoplasma gondii serology test is recommended to be given to HIV/AIDS patients who have oral sex and consume grilled ruminant meat. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii; HIV; sexual behaviour; risk factor; prediction model
