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Malaria is still one of the leading public-health problems that can cause death primarily in high-risk groups, namely, infants, toddlers, and expectant mothers. In addition, malaria directly causes anemia and can lower labor productivity. In 2010, in Indonesia, 65% of endemic districts were at risk of contracting malaria. By 2020 there are 515 cases of malaria in Batu Bara, and by 2021 rising to 952. The purpose of this study is to know the risk factors in the incidence of malaria in the Batu Bara. It uses a case-control design. The responders are 12 years of age and above where the cases are those who visit the health center with fever symptoms and positive malaria and controls are those with symptoms of a fever with a malaria negative. From multivariat analysis involving all risk factors simultaneously, there is a significant variable affecting the incidence of malaria that is both the age and the existence of a cattle cage. According to the age category, it shows 12-17 year old respondents with the highest risk of contracting malaria (AOR = 3.85; 1.40-10.59) by those ages 18-40 (AOR= 1.79; 070-4.58). Those who claim that there is a corral in the neighborhood, having a three times greater risk of contracting malaria than those who not.
Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia termasuk Indonesia karena mengakibatkan dampak yang luas dan berpeluang menjadi penyakit emerging dan re-emerging. Di Wilayah South East Asian Region (SEARO) yang Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara anggotanya, malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama. Data Kasus Baru malaria tahun 2009/2010 di seluruh Indonesia berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010 adalah 22,9 per mil, sedangkan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (61,7?).
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran karakteristik individu, faktor lingkungan dan perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria klinis di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2010. Penelitian dengan studi kuantitatif melibatkan 2272 subyek penelitian yang diperoleh data dari Riskesdas 2010, dengan jumlah kejadian malaria klinis sebanyak 408 subyek. Dari 20 variabel yang dianalisis multivariat di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara didapatkan ada 6 variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan yaitu : pendidikan : OR = 2,04 (95% CI : 1,59 ? 2,62) dengan p value = 0,000, rawa-rawa : OR = 1,57 (95% CI : 1,10 ? 2,25), dengan p value = 0,014, pantai : OR= 0,49 (95% CI : 0,31 ? 078) dengan p value = 0,003, perkebunan : OR = 1,58 (95% CI : 1,25 ? 2,00) dengan p value = 0,000, tidur menggunakan kelambu : OR = 0,59 (95% CI : 0,41 ? 0,85) dengan p value = 0,005 dan memakai obat nyamuk bakar/elektrik : OR = 0,59 (95% CI : 0,45 - 0,78) dengan p value = 0,000.
Analisis juga dilakukan pada 8 Kabupaten dan 4 Kota di provinsi Sulawesi Utara dan hasilnya ada 4 Kabupaten dan 2 Kota yang sebagian variabel mempunyai hubungan signifikan dengan kejadian malaria klinis yaitu : Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Kabupaten Minahasa, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Kota Manado, Kota Tomohon dan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.
Disarankan kepada masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar rawa-rawa, pantai dan perkebunan hendaknya selalu menjaga kebersihan lingkungan serta memakai obat nyamuk bakar/elektrik. Untuk Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pelaksanakan program "Gebrak Malaria" hendaknya lebih diintensifkan dan melibatkan seluruh lapisan masyarat. Untuk peneliti lain supaya dapat melakukan penelitian yang lebih mendalam tentang Malaria atau Malaria Klinis di daerah endemis malaria di Provinsi lain dengan menggunakan data hasil Riskesdas 2010 atau data terbaru di wilayah tersebut.
Malaria is a global health problem, including Indonesia, because it resulted in a broad impact and may appear and re-emerging diseases. Regional Southeast Asia Region (SEARO) and Indonesia became one of its member countries, malaria is a major public health problem. The new malaria cases in 2009/2010 Data for Health Research in Indonesia based on the Basic (Riskesdas) 2010 is 22.9 per mile, whereas in the Province of North Sulawesi (61.7 ?).
This study uses cross sectional design which aims to obtain a picture of individual characteristics, environmental factors and behaviors associated with the incidence of clinical malaria in North Sulawesi province in 2010. Research with quantitative studies involving 2272 subjects who obtained the data from Riskesdas 2010, with the incidence of clinical malaria as much as 408 subjects. Of the 20 variables in the multivariate analysis of the North Sulawesi province to find there are six significant variables related to: Education: OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.59 to 2.62) with p-value = 0.000, bog: OR = 1, 57 (95% CI: 1.10 to 2.25), with a p-value = 0.014, coast: OR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31 to 078) with a p-value = 0.003, plantations: OR = 1 , 58 (95% CI: 1.25 to 2.00) with p-value = 0.000, using mosquito nets to sleep: OR = (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.85) 0.59 with a p-value = 0.005 and use mosquito repellent/electric: OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45 to 0.78) with p-value = 0.000.
The analysis was also conducted in eight counties and four cities in the province of North Sulawesi and the results there are four counties and two cities that some variables have a significant relationship with the incidence of clinical malaria namely: Talaud Islands, Minahasa, Sangihe Regency, Manado, Minahasa regency Tomohon and north.
It is recommended for people who live in the vicinity, the coast marshes and plantations should always keep the environment clean and using mosquito repellent / electric. For the North Sulawesi Provincial Health Office, the implementation of "Gebrak Malaria" program should be improved and involve all layers masyarat. For other researchers to conduct more in-depth research on Malaria, Clinical malaria or malaria in endemic areas in other provinces using data from Riskesdas 2010 or latest data in the region.
TB paru masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di dunia termasuk di Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara dengan prevalensi TB paru yang tinggi. Menurut hasil Riskesdas 2007 prevalensi TB paru di Indonesia sebesar 400/100.000 penduduk sedangkan hasil Riskesdas 2010 sebesar 725/100.000 penduduk begitupun di Sumatera. Selain adanya sumber penular, kejadian TB paru juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan rumah (ventilasi, pencahayaan, lantai serta kepadatan hunian rumah). Rendahnya persentase rumah sehat diduga ikut memperbesar penularan TB paru di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah hubungan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah dengan kejadian TB paru di Sumatera berbeda berdasarkan faktor umur, jenis kelamin dan daerah tempat tinggal. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi potong lintang dengan sampel penelitian penduduk yang berumur diatas 15 tahun di Sumatera yang berjumlah 38.419 responden. Penderita TB paru didapatkan berdasarkan diagnosis tenaga kesehatan melalui pemeriksaan dahak atau rongten paru. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa faktor lingkungan fisik rumah yang berisiko terhadap kejadian TB paru di Sumatera adalah ventilasi rumah PR 1,314 (90% CI:1,034-1,670), pencahayaan PR 1,564 (90% CI:1,223-2,000) dan kepadatan hunian PR 1,029 (90% CI:0,798-1,327). Dari model akhir didapatkan bahwa hubungan lingkungan fisik rumah dengan kejadian TB paru di Sumatera berbeda signifikan berdasarkan faktor umur dan jenis kelamin.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is still a major health problem in the world, including in Indonesia as a country with a high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. According to the basic medical research in 2007 obtained prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia for 400/100.000 population while the results in 2010 for 725/100.000 population as did the population in Sumatera. In addition to the transmitting source, the occurence of pulmonary tuberculosis is also influenced by house environmental factors (ventilation, lighting, flooring and density of residential houses). The low percentage of healthy homes contribute to the transmission of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the association of physical environmental conditions of the house with the occurence of pulmonary tuberculosis different by factors age, sex and area of residence in Sumatera. This study uses a cross-sectional study design with a sample of the study population over the age of 15 years in Sumatera, which amounted to 38,419 respondents. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis obtained by health professionals through the examination of sputum or lung rongten. From the research found that the factor of the physical environment the home is at risk on the occurence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Sumatera is ventilated house PR 1.314 (90% CI :1.034,1.670), lighting PR 1.564 (90% CI :1.223,2.000) and the density of residential PR 1.029 (90% CI :0.798,1.327). From the final model was found that the relationship of the physical environment house with pulmonary tuberculosis occurence in Sumatera different significantly by age and gender.
Diarrhea is an infectious disease that causes death in infants and children under five. The cause of diarrhea is strongly influenced by various risk factors, including child factors and maternal, environment, and family economic factors. This study used a cross sectional study design with univariate, bivariate, and stratified analysis. The data used is secondary data from the 2017 IDHS. The sample used is 906 children under five. The result of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the age factor of child under five (nilai p: 0,000; OR=2,54; 95%CI 1,67-3,85) and family sanitation facilities (niai p= 0,004; OR= 1,71; 95%CI 1,19-2,47) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. The stratification analysis showed that there was a relation between the age of the child under five and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five according to the mother?s education, history of exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, are of the residence and family economic.
