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Persepsi terhadap lingkungan terjadi karena adanya interaksi antara individu dengan lingkungannya, Ittelson, dkk (1978) berpendapat bahwa persepsi terhadap lingkungan dipengaruhi oleh komponen penting seperti kognitif, afektif, dan interpretasi. Sedangkana Paul A. Bell dkk (1978) berpendapat bahwa hubungan manusia dengan objek di lingkungan akan menimbulkan kontak fisik antara individu dengan lingkungannya. Persepsi adalah suatu proses kognitif yang konkrit, yang menghasilkan suatu gambaran unik tentang sesuatu yang barangkali sangat berbeda dengan kenyataan (David Krech, 1962). Bahan berbahaya adalah rat, bahan kimia dan biologi, baik(dalam bentuk tunggal maupun campuran yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan dan lingkungan hidup secara langsung atau tidak langsung yang mempunyai sifat racun, karsinogenik, teratogenik, mutagenik, korosif dan fritasi (Dep.Kes RI, 1996). Risiko adalah suatu kejadian yang objektif dan bersifat ekstemal sekalipun seseorang yang terpapar kemungkinan tidak menyadari akan akibat kerugian itu (Kertonegoro, 1991: 9).Adanya perbedaan persepsi pekerja kamar gelap terhadap penggunaan bahan berbahaya dan berisiko dalam kegiatan di kamar gelap, ternyata dapat memberikan dampak negatif kepada keselamatan, kesehatan, dan kenyamanan kerja. Tersedianya APD yang mencukupi , SOP yang memadai, kontrol dan evaluasi yang teratur serta desain kamar gelap yang memenuhi standar, tidak memiliki dan pengaruh apa-apa apabila persepsi pekerjanya memiliki persepsi yang cenderung negatif dan ini dapat menghambat pada upaya peningkatan keselamatan hidup pekerja melalui keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Kegiatan dan pekerjaan di dalam kamar gelap mengandung bahaya dan risiko oleh karenanya harus ditangani secara serius, mengingat efek samping negatif yang dapat ditimbulkannya berisifat korosif, oksidatif dan karsinogenik.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor individu yang meliputi umur, pendidkan, lama kerja dan kebiasaan (variabel independen) dengan persepsi yang meliputi aspek kognitif, aspek afektif dan aspek interpretasi (variabel dependen) terhadap penggunaan bahan berbahaya dan berisiko. Penelitian dilakukan di 72 instalasi radiologi Rumah Sakit wilayah DKI Jakarta yang meliputi rumah sakit milik Dep.Kes, Pemda, BUMN dan Swasta. Pada tanggal 20 Juni sampai dengan 10 Agustus 2002 desain penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif dan Analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional sampel sama dengan populasi, karena sampel terbatas dilakukan dengan metode Key Informan yang dibatasi pada pekerja yang khusus bekerja dan bertugas di kamar gelap saja, pekerja minimal 1 tahun melakukan aktifitas setiap hari rata - rata 150 lembar film, memiliki jam kerja 7 - 8 jam per hari, proses di kamar gelap dilakukan dengan 2 (dim) sistem sekaligus yaitu manual dan otomatis. Penyajian hasil penelitian dilakukan dengan 3 (tiga) jenis analisis yang diharapkan dapat menjawab hipotesis penelitian. Analisis univariat untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi pekerja berdasarkan umur, pendidikan, lama kerja dan kebiasaan serta persepsi pekerja terhadap penggunaan bahan berbahaya dan berisiko yang meliputi kognitif, afektif dan interpretasi. Analisis bivariat untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen, sedangkan analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel dependen umum yang paling kuat memperlihatkan adanya hubungan dengan variabel dependen, sekaligus untuk melihat ada tidaknya interaksi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh pekerja memiliki persepsi negatif yang lebih hesar prosentasenya yaitu kognitif terhadap bahan berbahaya (55,3%), kognitif terhadap bahan berisiko (72,3%). afektif terhadap bahan berbahaya (63,8%), afektif terhadap bahan berisiko (70,2%), interpretasi terhadap bahan berbahaya (57,7%), interpretasi terhadap bahan berisiko (95,7%). Dari hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa umur dan kebiasaan secara umum tidak ada hubungan dengan persepsi, sedangkan pendidikan dan lama kerja secara umum ada hubungan dengan persepsi. Sementara itu faktor individu yang paling dominan terhadap kognitif bahan berbahaya adalah pendidikan P Value = 0.042, sedangkan untuk kognitif bahan berisiko adalah lama kerja P Value = 0,070 , dan interpretasi bahan berbahaya adalah larva kerja P Value = 0,010.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka saran yang diajukan meliputi : sebaiknya pekerja kamar gelap berpendidikan minimal SLTA, perlu dilengkapi catatan riwayat kesehatan kerja dari mulai masuk. perlu diadakannya pelatihan manajemen K-3 dalam rangka pengembangan SDM kamar gelap. Sebaiknya disusun program pramosi kesehatan bagi pekerja kamar gelap dan tentunya dalam upaya menjaga dan meningkatkan keselamatan hidup pekerja kamar gelap sebaiknya dilakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan minimal 1 (satu) kali dalam setahun. Untuk penelitian lanjutan sebaiknya dilakukan pada areal penelitian yang lebih luas agar memperoleh responden yang lebih banyak.
Perception of Radiographer towards Hazardous Chemical Material in Hospital Radiology Installation in DKI Jakarta areasPerception towards environment happens since there is interaction between individual and its environment, Ittelson (1978) is of certain opinion that perception towards its environment is influenced by important components such as cognitive, affective and interpretation. Paul A. Bell (1978) is of certain opinion that human relation with object in their environment will emerge physical contact between individual and its environment. Perception is a concrete cognitive process resulting unique description concerning something might be truly different with the reality (David Krech, 1962). Hazardous materials is substance, chemical and biological material, both single or mixture which could be both directly or indirectly dangerous for health and environment since it is poisonous, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, corrosive, and irritating (Dep.Kes RI, 1996). Risk is objective and external occurrence even someone getting radiation might not realize the disadvantage of it (Kertonegoro, 1991:9).Different perception of radiographer towards hazardous chemical material in darkroom activities, apparently could give negative side effect to safety, health and pleasure of work. Availability of sufficient APD, SOP, regularly control and evaluation and standardization of darkroom design will not give any influence if the workers tend to negatif perception and it could impede the efforts of improving sun'ival chance of the workers through safety and health of work. Activities and works in darkroom have hazard and risk, thereby it should be handled seriously, considering negative side effect emerged could be corrosive, oxidative, and carcinogenic.The study is intended to find out the relation between individual factor covering age, educational background, work period and habit (independent variable) and perception covering aspect of cognitive, affective an interpretation (dependent variable) towards usage of hazardous and risky material. The research has been done in 72 Hospital Radiology Installation in DKI Jakarta areas covering hospitals of Dep. Kes , Local Government (Penrda)_ BUMR' and Private Company. From 20 June to 10 August 2002, the research design is Descriptive and Analytic with Sample Cross Sectional Approach is same with population since limited samples was done with Key informant method. This method is limited for workers working particularly in darkroom only. The workers has minimum working period of 1 year, doing average activities everyday of 150 film sheet, having working hours of 7-8 hours per day, process in darkroom was done with 2 (two) systems, manual and automatic. Presentation of research result was done in 3 (three) analysis which hopefully can answer the study hypothesis. Analysis of Univariat is done to find out workers frequency distribution based on age, educational background, working period, habit and workers' perception towards hazardous and risky material usage covering cognitive, affective and interpretation. Analysis of Bivariat is done to find out relation between independent variable and dependent variable. Analysis of Multivariat is done to find out the strongest general dependent variable showing the relation between dependent variable, at once to find out whether there is reaction or not.The research result shows that all of workers has bigger percentage of negative perception as follows, cognitive towards hazardous material (55,3%), cognitive towards risky material (72,3%), affective towards hazardous material (63,8%), affective towards risky material (70,2%), interpretation towards hazardous material (57,7%), interpretation towards risky material (95,7%). Result of analysis of Bivariat shows that generally age and habit has nothing to do with perception and generally educational background and working period has something to do with perception. Meanwhile, the most dominant individual factor towards cognitive of risky material is Educational Background P Value = 0,042, for cognitive of risky material is Working Period P Value = 0.070. and interpretation of hazardous material is Working Period P Value = 0.010.Based on research result, following is the suggestions, it would be better if darkroom worker has the minimum educational background of high school, necessarily equipped with working medical record from the first time hired. It is necessary to run Training of Management of Working Safety and Health in order to develop Human Resources of darkroom_ It would be better if promotion program for darkroom workers is arranged and of course in order to keep and improve survival chance of darkroom workers, it is better to run medical check up 1 (one) time in a year at a minimum. For next research, it would be better to be done in wider scope of research to get more respondents.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi pekerja bahan kimia di PT. XYZ berisiko terhadap pajanan Benzena nonkarsinogenik (RQ = 1,7442) dan karsinogenik (ECR = 1,76 x 10-4) pada durasi pajanan lifetime. Diketahui hubungan yang bermakna antara pajanan Benzena terhadap normalitas kadar hemoglobin (p = 0,015) dan eritrosit (p = 0,000). Risiko ketidaknormalan kadar hemoglobin dan eritrosit berturut-turut pada populasi terpajan adalah 6,92 kali (95% CI:1,28?37,29) dan 21,53 kali (95% CI:4,46?103,90) dibandingkan populasi tidak terpajan. Selain itu juga diketahui hubungan yang signifikan antara kenaikan jumlah asupan Benzena terhadap penurunan kadar haemoglobin (rs = -0,433; p = 0,044) dan eritrosit (rs = -0,474; p = 0,026).
Disimpulkan bahwa risiko kesehatan nonkarsinogenik dan karsinogenik akibat pajanan Benzena pada populasi pekerja bahan kimia di perusahaan minyak dan gas PT. XYZ akan terjadi pada durasi pajanan lifetime. Terdapat hubungan antara pajanan Benzena dengan ketidaknormalan hemoglobin dan eritrosit.
Chemical contractor worker at the oil and gas company PT. XYZ is a population at risk to Benzene exposure due to its activities and work environment condition that possibly exposed by Benzene vapour. This research is aimed to estimate noncarsinogenic and carsinogenic risk level, complemented with blood counts abnormality analysisdue to Benzene exposure, then determining risk management shall be done. The research is cross sectional study was done to all chemical contractor worker at PT. XYZ, consist of 22 person, and additional 22 person as a control was selected from employee of PT. XYZ working at the same location. The research yield that chemical worker population at PT. XYZ is at risk to the noncarsinogenic (RQ = 1.7442) and carsinogenic (ECR = 1.76 x 10-4) Benzene exposure at the lifetime exposure duration.
Its known that there is a correlation between Benzene exposure with normality of haemoglobin (p = 0.015) and erythrocytes (p = 0.000). The risk of abnormality haemoglobin and erythrocytes counts is 6.92 times (95% CI:1.28?37.29) dan 21.53 times (95% CI:4.46?103.90) respectively compare to the non exposed population. In addition, its identified that there is a significant correlation between increased Benzene intake to the haemoglobin (rs = -0.433; p = 0.044) and erythrocytes (rs = -0.474; p = 0.026) counts reduction.
In summary noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk due to Benzene exposure in the population of chemical worker at the oil and gas company PT. XYZ will occure at the lifetime exposure duration. There is a correlation between Benzene exposure with abnormality of haemoglobin and erythrocytes.