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Tujuan : penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan seberapa besar proporsi kejadian malaria ibu hamil dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di high incidence area dan medium incidence area di Kabupaten Nias Tahun 2005.
Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kroseksional dengan data primer, dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juni 2005. Sampel penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang dalam satu bulan terakhir belum pernah minum obat anti malaria. Besar sampel 440 orang ibu hamil masing-masing 220 orang di high incidence area dan 220 orang di medium incidence area. Pengambilan sampel dengan multistage random sampling Analisis dilakukan untuk mengambarkan proporsi dan faktor determinan kejadian malaria di masing-masing area. Variabel yang diteliti adalah kejadian malaria, graviditas, paritas, usia kehamilan, usia ibu, pekerjaan, pengetahuan, pemakaian obat nyamuk dan pakaian tertutup anggota badan.
Hasil : Proporsi kejadian malaria pada ibu hamil di HIA adalah 36,36%, MIA 31,36% dan HIA+MIA 33,86%, dan ibu hamil yang mengalami gejala klinis dalam sebulan terakhir di HIA 10,90% dan MIA 35,45%. Proporsi kehamilan pertama dan menderita malaria di HIA adalah 48,28%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 47,80%. Proporsi paritas 1 dan menderita malaria di HIA adalah 44,64% sedangkan di MIA adalah 48%. Proporsi usia kehamilan 14-27 minggu di HIA adalah 41,76%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 31,07%. Ibu hamil yang berusia < 20 tahun dan sakit malaria 31,25%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 30,77%. Ibu hamil yang bekerja diluar rumah dan sakit malaria di HIA adalah 39,33%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 32,31%. Ibu hamil yang tidak atau kadang-kadang menggunakan obat nyamuk dan menderita malaria di HIA 44,64% dan 37,93%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 40,74% dan 37,04%. Ibu hamil yang tidak atau kadang-kadang menggunakan pakaian tertutup anggota badan dan menderita malaria di HIA adalah 48,68% dan 33,85%, sedangkan di MIA adalah 38,18% dan 34,78%.
Kesimpulan : Kejadian malaria ibu hamil tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kedua area. Faktor determinan kejadian malaria ibu hamil adalah graviditas, pengetahuan, pemakaian obat nyamuk dan pakaian tertutup anggota badan.
Kata Kunci : Malaria ibu hamil, prevalensi, graviditas, paritas, kroseksional.
Background : Malaria is a public health problem which very serious for pregnant women. Pregnant women is more exposed to malaria infection compared with non-pregnant women. Pregnant women malaria prevalence on world estimated 10%-65%. Pregnant women on epidemic area in the world estimated more than 23 million people. Malaria danger on pregnant women beside can corrupt mother's health such as anemia, heavy malaria toward death, also infant miscarriage, infant death, low birth weight, and etcetera. Pregnant women malaria prevalence on Indonesia had not been detected because of information and research limitation.
Objective : This research?s aim is to describe malaria proportion on pregnant women and influence factors on high incidence area and medium incidence area in Nias district year 2005.
Methods : This research using cross-sectional design with primer data, conducted in May till June 2005. Research sample is pregnant women which in the last month never been drinking anti-malaria medicine. Sample quality 440 pople pregnant women each 220 people on high incidence area and 220 people on medium incidence area. Sample was taken by multistage random sampling. Analysis was conducted to describe proportion and malaria determinant factor on each area. Research variable are malaria itself, gravidity, parity, pregnancy age, mother's age, occupation, knowledge about malaria, usage of insect killer and closed outfit.
Results : Proportion malaria on pregnant women in HIA was 36,36%, MIA 31,36% and HIA+MIA 33,86% and pregnant women that suffer clinics symptom for the last month in HIA 10,90% and MIA 35,45%. First pregnancy proportion and suffer malaria in HIA was 48,28%, while on MIA was 47,80%. One (1) parity proportion and suffer malaria on HIA was 44,64% while on MIA was 48%. Pregnancy age proportion 14-27 weeks on HIA was 41,76%, while on MIA was 31,07%. Pregnant women under 20 year old and suffer from malaria 31,25%, while on MIA was 30,77%. Pregnant women that work outside house and suffer from malaria on HIA was 39,33%, while on MIA was 32,31%. Pregnant other that rarely or not using insect killer and suffer from malaria on HIA 44,64% and 37,93%, while on MIA was 40,74% and 37,04%. Pregnant women that not or rarely using closed outfit and suffer from malaria on HIA was 48,68% and 33,85%, while on MIA was 38,18% and 34,78%.
Conclusions : Malaria on pregnant women in high incidence area and medium incidence area no relation signifikant. Malaria determinant factor on pregnant women are gravidity, knowledge about the danger of malaria for pregnant women, usage of insect killer and closed outfit.
Keywords: Malaria on pregnant women, prevalence, gravidity, parity, crossectional.
Dua dekade telah berlalu sejak kematian maternal diangkat sebagai isu global, namun hingga kini secara umum, angka kernatian ibu (AKI) di berbagai belahan dunia masih tetap tinggi. Di Indonesia, estimasi AK1 pada tahun 2002/2003 sebesar 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan negara-negara tetangga seperti Srilanka (58), Thailand (110), dan Malaysia (62). Tingginya AKI hanya menggambarkan sebagian dari masalah kesehatan ibu, Diperkirakan, di luar 529.000 kernatian ibu di dunia, sekitar 9,5 juta perempuan mengalami kesakitan yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan dan 1,4 juta mengalami near-miss/nyaris meninggal. Kesakitan dan kematian ibu menggambarkan masih rendahnya kualitas pelayanan kcsehatan ibu. Berbagai pendekatan dilakukan untuk menilai kualitas pelayanan, salah satunya dengan menghubungkan waktu-waktu tertentu yang berpotensi tenjadi penurunan kualitas pelayanan dengan outcome negatifpasien. Dengan metode kohort retrospektif peneliti menilai pengaruh waktu masuk atau menerima tindakan tcrhadap kejadian komplikasi ohstctrik yang mengancam jiwa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu hamil/bersalin/nifas yang masuk atau menerima tindakan di RS pada waktu seputar pergantian shift berisiko 1,75 kali Iebih tinggi mengalami komplikasi obstetrik yang mengancarn jiwa dibandingkan jika masuk atau menerima tindakan pada waktu lainnya (RR 1,75; 95%CI=l,02 - 3,0). Hasil tersebut mengimplikasikan penlingnya evaluasi terhadap pmktck pelayanan kesehatan di RS. Selain itu, selarna periode Desember 2005 - Mei 2006, diketahui rasio kematian ibu terhadap kasus near-miss di RSU Serang dan Pandeglang sebesar 1:11, yang menunjukkan bahwa upaya pencegahan komplikasi obstetrik yang mengancam jiwa dapat menyelamatkan lebih banyak jiwa, dibandingkan jika hanya berfokus pada pencegahan kematian ibu.
Two decades has passed by since maternal mortality being raised as a global issue. But until now, matemal mortality ratio (MMR) in most part of the worlds remains high. In Indonesia, the estimate MMR for 2002/2003 is 307 per 100,000 livebirth, considerably higher that other countries such as Srilanka (58), Thailand (110), and Malaysia (62). The high MMR only reflects a part of matemal health problem. It is estimated that beside 529,000 matemal deaths, there are approximately 9.5 miilon women suffer from pregnancy-related morbidity, and 1,4 million of them survive fiom near-miss. Matemal morbidity and mortality related with the low quality of matemal health care. Various approaches can be used to assess quality of care, one is by relating certain potentially dangerous time, which have the potential of low quality of care, with the negative outcomes of patients. Using retrospective cohort, the effect of time of admission or time receiving definite intervention to the incidence of obstetric life-threatening complication was investigated. The result shows that pregnant/delivery/post partum women who admitted or received definite intervention around the time for handover had 1,75 higher risk to develop obstetric life-threatening complication, compared to admission or receiving intervention at different times (RR 1,75; 95%CI=l,02 - 3,0). The result implies the need for evaluation of the practice of health care delivery in the hospital. Between December 2005 - May 2006, the maternal death to near-miss ration in both hospitals was 1:11, implies the need for prevention of obstetric life-threatening complication which would save more lives, compared to focusing effort only on matemal death.
Background: The national Early Detection of Hepatitis B (DDHB) program for pregnant women is a key strategy to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B. With approximately 90% of infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers developing chronic hepatitis B, immunization remains crucial but does not fully eliminate the risk of transmission. This study aimed to analyze risk factors contributing to hepatitis B in children, develop a probability model for its occurrence, and evaluate the implementation of the DDHB program as a preventive and control measure for MTCT. Methods: This study employed an explanatory mixed-methods approach. The quantitative component used a retrospective cohort design involving 166 mother-child pairs, where mothers were confirmed to have hepatitis B infection (HBsAg-positive) through antenatal care (ANC) screening. The qualitative component utilized a case study design with in-depth interviews conducted with 23 informants. The research was carried out in Makassar City and Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Result: A multivariate analysis using a binomial GLM with a log link was conducted to calculate the adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for factors associated with hepatitis B in children. The results indicated that mothers with high HBV-DNA levels (>106 copies/mL) had a significantly increased risk of transmitting HBV to their children (aRR=2.9, 95%CI=1,37-6,20). Children who did not receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) (aRR = 5.6, 95%CI=2,28-13,76), did not vaccinate HB-0 (aRR = 2.9, 95%CI=1,37-6,20), did not vaccinate HB-1 (aRR = 10.44, 95%CI=5,23-20,87), or did not vaccinate HB-2 (aRR = 12.11, 95%CI=5,21-28,35) were at significantly higher risk of HBV infection. Additionally, children born to mothers with high HBV-DNA levels (>106 copies/mL) who did not receive HBIg, HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2 vaccines had a 94% probability of hepatitis B occurrence. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of the DDHB program for pregnant women in identifying HBV-DNA levels to facilitate antiviral therapy as needed. Furthermore, the administration of HBIg and hepatitis B vaccines (HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2) to infants is highly effective in reducing the risk of MTCT, making it a vital strategy in preventing hepatitis B infections in children. Recommendation: The DDHB program should be comprehensively optimized, starting with screening for pregnant women, conducting HBV-DNA testing on pregnant women who are HBsAg reactive, and enhancing the coverage of HBIg administration and implementation of the hepatitis B vaccination (HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2) for children.
Compared to death of infants aged 1-59 months, neonatal death has slower rate reduction, with annual rate reduction only 2.6% during the last 18 years. One of risk factors causing neonatal death is iron deficiency anemia on pregnant women. Indonesia has high number of anemia among pregnant women, as much as 41,98% in 2016. This study was conducted to examine the effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy towards neonatal survival in Indonesia. Survival analysis using cox regression test was performed towards live birth data in the period of 20122017 recorded on Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Result showed that women consumed less than 180 tablets of iron supplements are having 1,542 times higher risk of neonatal death compared to those consumed 180 tablets of iron or more (95% CI 0,808-2,946; p-value 0,189). Subsequent analysis also showed that implementation of minimum 90 iron tablets consumption during pregnancy program could prevent 13,77% neonatal death in population. The result of this study is strongly affected by selection bias, recall bias, and compliance issue on iron supplementation in Indonesia. Despite of the strong bias, this study points to the present of iron supplementation effect towards neonatal survival.
