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The progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in theworld is very progressive. Since found in 1981 until 2016 the number of cases hasreached tens of millions of lives. The number of new HIV infections in CirebonRegency has the same as the condition of the world. In 2017 the number of new casesincreased by 50% compared to 2009. The spread of HIV infection is still concentratedin the key population with the main transmission pattern through unsafe sex. Primaryprevention undertaken are early detection of a HIV status and counselling of riskfactors through Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) activities. This study aims todetermine the magnitude of the association between risky sexual behavior with HIVinfection on VCT Clients in Cirebon Regency.This was cross sectional study using secondary data of VCT in 2017. Thepopulation is clients who visit VCT clinic, doing pre-test counselling, HIV test andpost-test counselling. Clients are key populations (gay / MSM, customer sex workers,IDUs, sex workers, transgender, and prisoners), TB patients and legaly sex partner.Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate association between risky sexbehavior and HIV infection after controlled covariate variables.Nearly 3.0%. (85/2,858) of tested clients were positif HIV and 80.4%(2,299/2.858) client had risky sexual behavior. There was a significant associationbetween risky sex behavior and HIV infection on VCT clients in Cirebon Regency(Adjusted POR=2.23 (1.019-4.899) after controlling to gender.The proportion of risky sex behaviors in VCT clients is very high, VCT clientswho engage in sex-risk behaviors had a risk of 2.23 times for HIV infection comparedto VCT clients who do not engage in risky sexual behavior. It is recommended to theCirebon Health Office to improve promotive and preventive programs to enhancingcommunity knowledge and skills in preventing HIV infection, conducting outreachtraining in terms of regulatory and advocacy techniques, increasing the frequency ofVCT and improving the duration and quality of counselling in VCT.Key words:HIV, VCT, Risky sexual behavior, Cirebon Regency.
Kata Kunci : Pasien di Poli VCT; Determinan HIV/AIDS, Status HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS is a serious public health problem because its incidence continues to raise each year. Based on AIDS Infodatin 2016, it is found that DKI Jakarta is the province with the highest number of HIV cases. Since 2014 to 2016, there is an increased of incidence of HIV in Primary Health Center Tanah Abang. The purpose of this study is to know the determinants related to HIV / AIDS patients status at VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing) Primary Health Center Tanah Abang in 2017. This study used a secondary data derived from patient data in Polyclinic VCT which had been computed to SIHA (System Information on HIV and AIDS) from January to December 2017. This study used a crosssectional design with a sample of all patients in VCT Polyclinic who met the inclusion criteria. The sampling method used is total sampling with total sample is 1229 samples. The study was conducted from April to May 2018 at Primary Health Center Tanah Abang. The analysis in this study is univariate, bivariate and stratification. The results of the analysis showed significant variables with HIV/AIDS status were sex (P = 0,000), education level (P = 0.007), occupation (P = 0.009), marital status (P = 0.009 and P = 0.022), syphilis status (P = 0.000), risky anal sex relationship (P = 0.032), and sharing injection equipment (P = 0,000). Sex variables are confounding variables in risky vaginal sex relationship with HIV/AIDS status (P-Interaction = 0.371, PR change = 11.36%). This study concluded that there is a relationship between sex, education level, occupation, marital status, syphilis status, risky anal sex relationship, sharing injection equipment with HIV/AIDS status, and sex is a confounding variable on risky vaginal sex relationship with status HIV/AIDS.
Keywords: VCT Patients; Determinants of HIV/AIDS; HIV/AIDS Status
ABSTRAK Prevalensi HIV pada populasi umum di Tanah Papua telah mencapai 2,4 persen dan jalur penularan utama melalui hubungan seksual. Hal ini didukung dengan tingginya perilaku seksual berisiko yang terjadi di tengah masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara usia pertama kali berhubungan seks dengan risiko terinfeksi HIV pada klien klinik VCT RSUD Manokwari Provinsi Papua Barat. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah kasus-kontrol dengan jumlah sampel 180 orang. Populasi studi adalah mereka yang berusia 15 tahun keatas, berisiko secara seksual, dan bukan pekerja seks komersial. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan juni 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mereka yang melakukan hubungan seks pertama pada usia kurang dari 20 tahun berisiko 1,36 kali (95%CI: 0,63-2,98) untuk terinfeksi HIV dibanding yang melakukannya pada usia 20 tahun atau lebih, meskipun hubungannya tidak signifikan. Variabel lain yang berhubungan secara signifikan adalah mereka yang memiliki pasangan seks dua atau lebih, pasangan tidak tahu apakah pasangannya memiliki pasangan seks lain (OR 3,23), dan tidak pernah menggunakan kondom (OR 6,45), serta berstatus kawin atau cerai (OR 3,00). Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan masukkan bagi stakeholders di Manokwari dalam mencarikan solusi terkait fenomena yang terjadi.
Abstract HIV prevalence in the general population in Papua has reached into 2.4 percent and the main route of transmission was through sexual intercourse. This situation is supported by the high risk sexual behavior that often occurs in the community. The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between age at first sex with the risk of HIV infection in VCT clinic clients Manokwari Hospital West Papua provinci. This study used case control design with total sample of 180 respondents. The inclusion criteria of the sample were those aged 15 years or older, sexually active, non-commercial sex workers. The data was recruited in June 2012. The result shows that those who had first sex at the aged of 20 years or less had 1.36 times risk of HIV infection (95% CI: 0.63-2.98) than those who did at age 20 years old or more, although the correlation was not significant. Variables that significantly correlated to risk of HIV infection were those who had 2 or more sexual partners, the couple who do not know that their partner had other sexual partners (OR 3.23), and never using condoms (OR 6.45), and also those who are married or divorced. This study is expected to be endorsed to stakeholders in Manokwari in order to find problem solving related to the phenomena.
The most important risk factor as a primary driver of HIV infection in transgender population is risky sex behavior such as duration of anal sex, consistency of condom use, number of partner sex and selling sex. This study was aimed to investigate association between risky sex behavior and HIV among transgender population in Indonesia 2018-2019. This study was done as secondary data analysis from a national cross-sectional study, namely the Intergrated Biological and Behavior Survey (IBBS) 2018-2019, done by the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. In this IBBS, Time Location Sampling (TLS) dan Simple Random Sampling (SRS) were used. All of eligible population were to be study participants of this study. Risky sex behaviors was assessed through guided interview, while HIV infection was determined by series of rapid serologic test. Association, between risky sex behavior and HIV, using PR (prevalent ratio), was analyzed using chi-square test and cox regression model. This study found that transgenders with high risk sex behavior were 1.45 times more likely (95% CI 1,16-1,81) to get HIV infection as compared to transgenders with low risk sex behavior.
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Epidemi HIV secara global masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius. Pada tahun 2011 terdapat 2.5 juta (2.2 – 2.8 juta) kasus baru infeksi HIV di seluruh dunia, dengan kamatian karena AIDS mencapai 1.7 juta jiwa. Penularan infeksi HIV di Indonesia saat ini terutama melalui hubungan seks heteroseksual terutama terjadi dari WPS kepada pelanggan seks komersial, yaitu kelompok lelaki berperilaku risiko tinggi. Populasi ini merupakan jembatan penularan infeksi HIV (bridging population) dari populasi risiko tinggi ke populasi umum. Data menunjukkan jumlah laki-laki di Indonesia yang menjadi klien WPS lebih banyak dibandingkan pengguna napza suntik dan kelompok MSM (men who have sex with men). Prevalensi HIV pada kelompok LBT meningkat 7 kali lipat dari 0.1% (STBP 2007) menjadi 0.7% (STBP 2011). Keberadaan IMS meningkatkan kemudahan seseorang terkena infeksi HIV. Sebagian besar IMS akan menimbulkan peradangan dan kerusakan jaringan kulit/selaput lendir genital yang memudahkan masuknya HIV. Infeksi menular seksual dengan gejala ulkus genital, misalnya sifilis, menyebabkan kemudahan terkena infeksi HIV meningkat 4 – 6 kali. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh faktor perilaku seks yang berhubungan dengan infeksi HIV dengan mempertimbangkan penyakit sifilis sebagai efek modifikasi, pada populasi LBT 12 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia.
Metode: cross sectional, analisis data hasil STBP 2011.
Hasil: Prevalensi HIV pada LBT sebesar 0.7%, LBT dengan perilaku seks berisiko rendah sebesar 91.5%. Perilaku seks risiko tinggi terdapat pada 6.6% LBT dan 1.9% di antaranya berperilaku seks risiko sedang. Prevalensi LBT yang mengaku setia pada pasangan sebesar 49.8%. Kejadian infeksi HIV berhubungan secara signifikan dengan riwayat hubungan seks dengan WPS, setia pada pasangan, jumlah WPS dalam 1 tahun terakhir, penggunaan napza suntik, serta keluhan IMS. Keberadaan sifilis tidak memodifikasi efek perilaku seks terhadap infeksi HIV, karena kejadiannya kecil. Pada analisis multivariat didapat perilaku seks yang berisiko untuk tertular HIV adalah pernah berhubungan dengan WPS memiliki risiko tertular HIV dengan OR 2.113(0.883-5.052) dan pernah berhubungan dengan casual partner memiliki OR sebesar 1.347(0.506-3.589) setelah dikontrol dengan variabel penggunaan napza suntik dan keluhan IMS.
ABSTRACT
Background: Global HIV epidemic still reveal serious public health issue. In 2011 there was 2.5 million (2.2 – 2.8 million) HIV new cases worldwide with mortality reach 1.7 million people. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Indonesia mainly occurs from FSW to their clients, which is identifying as high risk men (HRM). HRM population is HIV transmission bridging population from high to low risk population. Data shows FSW’s clients amounted much more than the IDUs or MSM. HIV prevalence in HRM had been increased 7 times from 0.1% (IBBS 2007) to 0.7% (IBBS 2011). The presence of STD increases risk of HIV infection, so that STD is believed as HIV infection cofactor. Most STD caused inflammation and genital mucosa/skin damage which make HIV infection easier. Genital ulcer disease, such as syphilis, raised HIV infection 4-6 times. This study aims to see sexual behavior effect on HIV infection with regard of syphilis as modification effect on HRM population in 12 districts in Indonesia.
Method: Cross sectional. The IBBS 2011 data analyses.
Result: HIV prevalence among HRM amounted 0.7%. Of 91.5% HRM have low risk of sexual behavior, 1.9% medium risk, and 6.6% experience high risk sexual behavior. 49.8% HRM was faithful. There was significant association between HIV infection and having sex with FSW, faithfulness, the amount of FSW in 1 year, injecting drug user, and the presence of STI symptoms. The presence of syphilis has not modified the association between sexual behavior and HIV infection, statistically. Multivariate analyses founded that having sex with FSW and/or casual partner were risky sexual behavior with OR of being infected by HIV were 2.113(0.883-5.052) and 1.347(0.506-3.589) respectively, after being controlled with variables injecting drug user and the presence of STI symptoms.
HIV is still a global health problem. FSW customers are one of the key populations spreading HIV. Consistent condom use is an effective way of preventing HIV and STI in this group. The consistency rate of condom use in this group is still low, namely: 35.82% in category 1 consistency (always or often using condoms), and 21.10% in category 2 consistency (always using condoms). The consistency of condom use is influenced by several factors, one of which is the perception of risk of contracting HIV. In the group of known customers who have a perception of feeling at risk of contracting HIV is 45.37%. This study is a quantitative cross-sectional design study to determine the relationship between perception of risk of contracting HIV with consistency of condom use in FSW customers using IBBS data 2018-2019, carried out in 24 regencies/cities in 16 provinces in Indonesia from 2018 to 2019 with a total sample of 4743 people. The results showed: in the consistency of category 1 condom use, there was a significant relationship between the perception of risk of contracting HIV and the consistency of condom use where FSW customers who had a perception of feeling at risk of contracting HIV had a 1.60 times higher tendency to consistently use condoms during sex than those who had a perception of feeling no risk after being controlled by the age variable of first intercourse sex and knowledge of condom effectiveness (PR=1.60, 95% CI=1.28-1.99). Meanwhile, in the consistency of category 2 condom use, there was a significant relationship between the perception of risk of contracting HIV and the consistency of condom use where FSW customers who had a perception of feeling at risk of contracting HIV had a 1.46 times higher tendency to consistently use condoms during sex than those who had a perception of feeling no risk after being controlled by age variables for the first time having sex and knowledge of condom effectiveness (PR=1.46, 95% CI=1.10-1.94). The implementation of mandatory condom localization bylaws with strict sanctions accompanied by synergistic cooperation between cross-sectors, updating the periodic mapping of unreached localizations accompanied by counseling on HIV/AIDS and condom effectiveness, dissemination of information to form risk perceptions and consistent behavior using condoms, the implementation of condom provision management in localization needs to be considered to reduce the incidence of HIV especially in FSW customer groups.
Kata Kunci: perilaku seks berisiko HIV/ AIDS, usia muda, LSL
The projection in 2030 is decreased number of deaths from infectious diseases in the world's population, while diseases caused by HIV / AIDS will increase is influenced by public accessibility to ARV treatment and efforts to prevent transmission of HIV / AIDS. The most vulnerable group vulnerable to HIV infection are young people. Many young people engage in risky sexual behavior because of risky behaviors decision in this group. Among young MSM, high rates of HIV infection are caused by risky sexual behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors of risky sexual behavior of HIV/ AIDS in young MSM age 15-24 years. Risk factors include age, education, knowledge, exposure to health information, age of first sex, HIV testing service, other health service, alcohol consumption, and drug consumption. The study utilize secondary STBP 2018 data. The research design use cross sectional with univariate and bivariate analyzes with chi square test α = 0.05. The results show that there are significant relationship between knowledge (p value=0,001; PR=1,4; CI=1,3-2,5); HIV test service (p value=0,000; PR=1,7; CI=2,0-3,4), other health service prevention (p value=0,000; PR=1,6; CI=1,9-3,2), and alcohol consumption (p value=0,009; PR=1,2; CI=1,1-1,8) with risky sexual behavior of HIV / AIDS.
Keywords: HIV/ AIDS risky sexual behavior, young age, MSM
