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Leprosy is still one of the important health issues in Indonesia. Not only the medical problem, leprosy is also a social problem. The Stigma that arises in society become a problem of people with leprosy to be able to work as usual. This research aims to know the prevalence of leprosy patients who are not productive, and determinants of productivity factors of leprosy patients.
Kata kunci: Skizofrenia, kasus kontrol, Kabupaten Bogor
Schizophrenia is a a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects thinking, feeling, and behavior of a person. In Indonesia, the prevalence of schizophrenia is 1.7 per 1,000 populations. The number of visits of mental disorders in puskesmas of Bogor Regency has increased significantly from 1,648 to 13,390 in 2013-14. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with schizophrenia in Bogor Regency 2017. An unmatched case-control was conducted in 63 health centers of Bogor regency from May-June 2017. Cases were schizophrenic patient aged 15-50 years diagnosed by physicians/specialists and recorded in the register of Bogor district health centers in 2017. Controls were the healthy people aged 15-50 and domiciled in Bogor Regency. A total of 229 cases and 229 controls were selected by multistage sampling technique. Probability proportional to size was usedto determine the number of samples from each puskesmas. A pre-tested semi structured questionnaires was used to collect relevant data from controls and one of the family members of cases. Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Folowing factors were associated with schizophrenia: male gender (AdjOR: 11.68; 95% CI: 4.96 -27.50), family history of schizophrenia (AdjOR: 4.02; 95 %CI: 1,90-8,48), basic education (AdjOR: 30.63; 95%CI: 4.21-222.81), secondary education (AdjOR: 25.35; 95% CI: 3.51-182.90), unemployed (AdjOR: 5.6; 95 %CI 2,52-12,45), unmarried (AdjOR: 10,20; 95%CI 2,52-12,45), problems in the family (AdjOR: 4.93; 95%CI 2.43-9.99) and problems at work / school (AdjOR: 32.60; 95%CI 7.29 - 145.76). In the study setting, biological (male and family history of schizophrenia),sociodemographic (low level of education, unemployment and unmarried) and environmental factors (problems in family, workplaceor school) were associated with schizophrenia. Prospective analytical studies are needed to further explore these associations.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, case control, Bogor district
Penyakit antraks atau yang sering dikenal juga sebagai penyakit radang limpa, radang kura, miltbrand, miltvuur atau splenic fever merupakan salah satu zoonosis utama di hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Berdasarkan gejala klinis yang ditimbulkan, dikenal 3 tipe penyakit antraks yaitu antraks tipe kulit atau cutaneus anthrax, antraks tipe pencernaan atau gastrointestinal anthrax dan antraks tipe pernapasan atau pulmonary anthrax. Setiap tahun diperkirakan terjadi sekitar 2,000 - 20.000 kasus antraks pada manusia secara global di seluruh dunia dan sebagian besar merupakan antraks tipe kulit. Penyakit antraks tipe kulit mencapai 90% dari seluruh kejadian infeksi antraks di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia selama periode tahun 2002-2006 ditemukan 282 kasus antraks pada manusia dengan kematian 20 kasus, Laporan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bogor menyebutkan selama periode tahun 2001 hingga tahun 2007 di Kabupaten Bogor pada manusia telah terjadi 97 kasus penyakit antraks dengan kematian mencapai 8 .orang atau CFR yang mencapai 8,2%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit antraks tipe kulit pada manusia di Kabupaten Bogor. Desain yang dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian epidemiologi observasional kasus kontrol. Kasus dalam penelitian diambil dari catatan penderita penyakit antraks tipe kulit di Puskesmas dan dinyatakan positif terinfeksi bakteri antraks berdasarkan pemeriksaan serologis Laboratorium Balivet Bogor. Kontrol diperoleh dari penduduk Kabupaten Bogor yang tinggal pada Rukun Tetangga (RT) yang sama dengan orang yang didiagnosis sebagai penderita penyakit antraks tipe kulit dan tidak menunjukkan gejala-gejala klinis penyakit antraks tipe kulit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara terstruktur dan observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti sendiri dibantu oleh Staf Puskesmas Kabupaten Bogor. Analisis data melalui tiga tahapan yaitu univariat untuk analisis distribusi frekuensi, biavariat dengan uji Chi-square, serta analisis muitivariat dengan pendekatan regresi logistik model prediksi. Seluruh analisis diproses dengan menggunakan software SPSS 13,0 dan SAS 9,1. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan penyakit antraks tipe kullt adalah memegang hewan rentan yang memiliki OR=6,648 (95% CI=2,914-15,167) dan variabel menangani daging yang memiliki OR=5,318 (95% CI: 1,801-15,702). Logit kejadian penyakit antraks tipe kufit = -0.1857 + 0,9472 memegang hewan rentan + O,8355 menangani daging. Berdasarkan penelitian ini disarankan agar masyarakat yang memegang temak atau menangani daging yang berasal dari daerah 'endemis diharapkan memproteksi dirinya dengan menggunakan alat pelindung seperti sarung tangan dan sepatu boot. Perlu disosialisasikan kepada masyarakat mengenai gejala dan akibat yang ditimbulkan dari penyakit antraks pada hewan. Selain itu, kepada pemilik hewan ternak tidak diperbolehkan memotong paksa hewan ternak yang sakit karena dapat menyebarkan kuman antraks. Upaya meminimalisasi kontak antara masyarakat dengan hewan ternak rentan dapat diupayakan dengan melakukan restrukturisasi peternakan dengan memisahkan kawasan pemukiman dan kawasan sentra peternakan.
Anthrax disease or well known as spleenitis, kura inflammation, miltbrand, miltvuur or spleenic fever is one of important zoonotic disease in almost the entire country of the world. Based on clinical signs was emerged, it famed 3 types of anthrax disease namely skin type or cutaneous anthrax, digestive type or gastrointestinal anthrax and respiratory type or pulmonary anthrax. Every year 2000 - 20000 cases of anthrax disease were occurred in human in entire world and most of parts are skin type or cutaneous anthrax, Skin type of anthrax disease was reached 90% from entire infection of anthrax in the world, In Indonesia for along 2002-2006 periods has found 282 cases of anthrax in human with 20 cases death. Health Service Bogor District reported that along period 2001-2007 in Bogor District occurred 97 human cases of anthrax disease with 8 death or CFR 8.2%. This research is aim to know several of risk factors which are related with occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease in Bogor district for 2003 - 2007.. The research was designed to reach out for the goal of this research is use case Control epidemiological research design. Case of this research is taken from victim of skin type of anthrax disease record in Puskesmas (Center for Health Services) and clarified as positive infected by anthrax bacterial based on laboratory serological examination in Balitvet Bogar. Control is taken from inhabitant in Bogor district which are live in the same area with people who is diagnose as a victim of skin type of anthrax disease and do not showed clinical signs of skin type of anthrax disease. Data collection is done through by structured interview and observation which is doing by researcher itself and assisted by Puskesmas Staff in Bogor District. Analysis data is done trough three steps that are univariate for analysis of frequency distribution, bivariate with Chi-square and also multivariate analysis with prediction model of logistic regression approaches. All analysis processed by SPSS 13.0 and SAS 9.1 The risk factors which are related with occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease are holding susceptible animal with OR=6.648 (9S% CI=2.914-15.l67) and variable of meat handling with OR=5.318 (95% CI= 1.801 -15.702). Logit of occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease = -0.1857 + 0.9472 holding susceptible animal + 0.8355 meat handling. According to this research is suggested in order that societies who are hold their livestock or handled the meat which come from endemic area is able to protect them with coverall such as glove and boot. It is necessary to socialize the societies about clinical signs and the consequences from anthrax disease in animals. Beside that. the livestock owners have not allowed to slaughter by forced sick animals since it will be able to spread anthrax organism. Minimalism contact between society and susceptible animals can be done by restructures of animal husbandry and separated the settlement area from central of animal husbandry area as efforts.
Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein caused by bacteria, chemical or mechanicalirritants, the incidence of phlebitis in RSPG Cisarua Bogor a hospital infectionrates are highest during the year 2015 with numbers cumulatif incidence of18.5%. This study aims to determine the distribution and factors related to theincidence of phlebitis in patients hospitalized in RSPG Cisarua Bogor in 2015.This study used case control design, sample 100 in the case group and 200 in thecontrol group, with research sites in RSPG Cisarua Bogor.The results of this study indicate that factors that influence the incidence ofphlebitis in RSPG Cisarua Bogor in 2015 were age (P value 0.001; OR 12.86;95% CI 1.7 to 98.2), nutritional status (P value 0.001; OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7),length of stay (P value 0.001; OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.36 to 3.70), and the process ofadmission (P value 0.052 ; OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.95). Nurses are expected tobe given specialized training to be able to do better care in the installation andmaintenance of intra venous line (IVL), especially in patients who are at risk.Keywords: phlebitis, factors, patient.
Penyakit kusta di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, disamping besarnya masalah di bidang medis juga masalah sosial yang di timbulkan oleh penyakit ini. Menghadapi masalah ini organisasi kesehatan dunia (WHO) telah menetapkan agar pada tahun 2000 penyakit kusta tidak lagi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dengan prevalensi rate 1 per 10.000 penduduk. Penurunan prevalensi rate ini dapat dicapai dengan upaya penurunan proporsi penderita kusta yang berobat tidak teratur dalam periode waktu tertentu. prevalensi rate Kabupaten Majalengka cenderung menurun dari tahun ke tahun, tetapi belum mencapai target prevalensi rate yang ditargetkan oleh WHO yaitu kurang dari 1 per 10.000 penduduk. Namun hal ini berbeda dengan penemuan penderita baru yang cenderung meningkat.Pencapaian persentase ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta di Kabupaten Majalengka pada tahun 2000 sebesar 32,31% sehingga RFT hanya sebesar 67,69%. Angka ini relatif masih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan target RFT (Release From Treatment) rate nasional (keteraturan berobat) sebesar 90%.Beberapa penelitian terdahulu, misalnya di Kabupaten Kuningan menunjukan bahwa ketidakteraturan berobat (1993) mencapai 18,80%, kemudian di Kabupaten Tangerang menunjukan bahwa ketidakteraturan berobat (1993) mencapai 21,60%.Berdasarkan kenyataan ini, maka dilakukan penelitian yang mengkaji penyebab ketidakteraturan berobat yang sebenarnya dari penderita kusta yang terdiri dari variabel umur penderita kusta, jenis kelamin penderita kusta, pekerjaan penderita kusta, pendidikan penderita kusta, pengetahuan, sikap dan keyakinan penderita tentang penyakitnya, ketersediaan obat di puskesmas, peran petugas kesehatan dan peran keluarga dalam pengobatan.Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Majalengka dengan desain cross sectional dan menggunakan data primer. Responden berjumlah 208 orang yang merupakan seluruh populasi yang memenuhi kriteria sampel.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa secara statistik diperoleh hubungan yang bermakna pengetahuan penderita kusta (OR: 2,62, 95%CI : 1,44 - 4,76), sikap (OR 2,76, 95%C1 : 1,51 -5,05), ketersediaan obat di puskesmas (OR : 3,34, 95%CI : 1,64 - 6,80), dan peran petugas kesehatan (OR : 2,91, 95%CI : 1,60 - 5,31) dengan ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya interaksi pada faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta.Diperlukan upaya meningkatkan penyuluhan melalui media radio, televisi, buku, majalah dan pamflet yang komunikatif, sederhana dan dapat diterima masyarakat di daerah sehingga dapat mengubah perilaku. Disamping itu perlu adanya perencanaan tahunan kebutuhan obat sesuai dengan jumlah sasaran sehingga tidak terjadi kekurangan obat dan perlu juga pendidikan kesehatan yang persuasif dengan menggunakan peran keluarga atau kelompok sesama penderita dengan melibatkan tokoh masyarakat sekaligus sebagai pengawas menelan obat, serta meningkatkan kemampuan petugas pengelola program kusta, yang diharapkan petugas lebih proaktif dalam melaksanakan komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi kepada penderita kusta dan keluarga dengan mendatangi penderita dan keluarga untuk memberikan dukungan sosial dan konsultasi. Selain itu, diharapkan pula petugas dapat memberikan pelayanan pengobatan sesegera mungkin.Daftar Pustaka : 52 (1956 ? 2001).
Some Factors Relating to the Leprosy Patients Irregularity for Medical Treatment at the Regency of Majalengka in 1998 ? 2000.Leprosy was still a public health problem in Indonesia. The disease did not only cause a big problem to the medical area, but also to the community. To overcome this matter, the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) had determined that in the year 2000 leprosy would no longer become a community problem with the prevalence rate of 1 per 10.000 people. The decrease of the prevalence rate could be abstained by reducing the number of leprosy patients who irregularly visited clinics for medical treatment, There was a tendency that the prevalence rate in Majalengka decreased from year to year, although it had not reached the targeted rate of the WHO, namely less than I per 10.000 people. This, however, was unlike the number of the newly known leprosy patients which tended to increase.In Majalengka the number of leprosy patients with irregular treatment in the year 2000 stood at 32.32 % which meant that the RFT (Release From Treatment) was only 67,69%. This figure was relatively still lower than the targeted national RFT rate (i.e.regular treatment) of 90%.Some earlier studies, such as one held in the Regency of Kuningan, showed that the irregular treatment in 1993 reached 18.80%. Another study in the Regency of Tangerang (1993) showed an irregularity of 21.60%.On the basis of these facts, a study was carried out to learn the actual causes of the irregularity for treatment by leprosy patients. The variables included age, sex, occupations, education, knowledge, attitude and belief of the patients on the disease, provision of medicines in the clinics, the roles of the clinic officials and of the relatives in the treatment.The study in Majalengka made use of the cross-sectional design and primary data, with 208 respondents, namely the whole population meeting the sample criteria.Results of the study showed there was statistically significant correlation between the knowledge of patients (OR : 2.62, 95%CI : 1.44 - 4,76), their attitudes (OR :2.76, 95%CI : 1.51 - 5.05), provision of medicines in clinics (OR : 3.34, 95%CI : 1,64 - 6,80), the roles of the clinic officials (OR : 2.91, 95%CI : 1.60 -5.31) and the patients irregularity for treatment. The study did not show any interaction of risk factors related to the patient irregularity for treatment.It was necessary to improve efforts in giving better information through the radio, television, books, magazines and leaflets in a communicative and simple way which would be more digestible to the local people. In this way people were expected to change their behavior. The study also suggested the necessity of an annual plan by the local government for the need of enough medicines for the targeted patients. The local government should also provide persuasive health education by involving active participation of relatives or groups of other leprosy patients, including some social celebrities who, at the some time, acted as watchers of the patients, discipline in taking medicines. It was also considered necessary to be more pro-active in communication and providing information as well as education to both the patients and their relatives by visiting them for social support and consultation. Apart from that, officials were expected to give treatment to the patients as immediately as possible.Bibliography : 52 (1956 - 2001).
