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Hypertension is a leading cause of death and disability on a global level and is a risk factor for other chronic diseases including ischemic heart disease and kidney failure. This study aimed to assess trends and determinants of hypertension associated with individual characteristics and lifestyle. The design of this research was a longitudinal study with time series analysis utilizing cohort study data of risk factors for Non-Communicable Diseases 2015-2017 in Bogor. The number of samples in this study were 711 respondents. Bivariate analysis used repeated ANOVA, Friedman and Wilcoxon, oneway ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney and also Chi-square tests. Meanwhile, the multivariate analysis used multiple logistic regression. The results of the 2015-2017 study showed that the prevalence of hypertension increased from 31,9% to 45,9%. The increase was also shown in the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium intake and physical activity. In this study, it was found that the most dominant factor affecting hypertension status in 2015-2017 was excess carbohydrate intake. Respondents with excess carbohydrate intake had a 5,14-14,58 times risk of developing hypertension compared to those with sufficient carbohydrate intake. Other variables that affect hypertension status were nutritional status, age, gender, protein intake, smoking habits and fat intake
The prevalence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) in patients with hypertension is high in Indonesia. Patients with hypertension in overweight or obese are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine trends and determinants of overnutrition in patients with hypertension age 25-69 years in Bogor City in 2015-2017. This research is a longitudinal study using secondary data from a cohort study of risk factors for non-communicable diseases conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Factors analyzed in relation to the incidence of overnutrition in hypertensive patients are intake of macro nutrients (energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat), physical activity, stress, smoking habits, age, gender, education level and income level. Patients with hypertension had an insignificant increase in BMI during 2015-2017, both in the overnutrition and normal groups. The average intake of macro nutrients (energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat) in the overnutrition group had a higher trend than in the normal group. Meanwhile, physical activity in the normal group had a higher trend than in the overnutrition group. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, the determinants of overnutrition in hypertensive patients in 2015 were gender after being controlled by carbohydrate intake, protein intake, fat intake, physical activity and income. Determinant of overnutrition in hypertensive patients in 2016 is fat intake after being controlled by carbohydrate intake, education and gender. Whereas in 2017, the determinants of overnutrition in hypertensive patients are protein intake and carbohydrate intake after being controlled by fat intake.
Many studies confirm that obesity is associated with the risk of type2 diabetes, but not many longitudinal studies have observed the incidence of obesity in type2 diabetes. This study aims to determine trends and determinant of obesity in type2 diabetes aged 35-65 years in Bogor City. A longitudinal design study using secondary data from Cohort Study of NCD year 2015-2017. Time series analysis for 3 years found that the trend of obesity prevalence in type2 diabetes decreased from 71.6%, 69.1%, to 64.2%. The trend of risk factors for the incidence of obesity, such as energy, fat intake and physical activity, increased significantly in 2017. The reduction in the prevalence of obesity is associated with changes in healthy lifestyle (intentional weight loss) and due to poor glycemic control or other disease (unintentional weight loss). The results of determinant analysis of the incidence of obesity are known in year 2015 fat intake is a dominant factor (OR:4.88; 95% CI:1.48-16.06) also influenced by gender, with carbohydrate intake as a confounder. In 2016 fat intake was a dominant factor (OR:5.71; 95% CI:1.48-22.03) also influenced by carbohydrate intake, with physical activity, stress, smoking habits and gender as a confounder. In 2017 carbohydrate intake was a dominant factor (OR:6.84; 95% CI:2.13- 21.98) with fat intake as a confounder.
Hypertension is a condition which systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg. Prevalence for hypertension in Indonesia is higher than South East Asia which has 30.9%. Hypertension prevalence in West java is 29.4% which higher than DKI Jakarta (28.8%) and Banten (27.6%). The main goals for this research are to know the result of nutrition analysis for cookies for hypertension and to know the acceptance for these cookies in adult-aged group at Pasundan University Bandung on 2013. This research is an experimental research which using completely randomized design method. This research was conducted on January to June 2013. Panelists for hedonic test are 30 people of men and women with age 21 or above. The result of this research shows that the nutrition content for cookies for hypertension have fulfilled the daily needs of sodium and potassium for adult-aged group but not for the daily needs of calcium. Cookies with the best treatment is cookies 703 with nutrients are: water 6,93%; ash 1,01%; protein 6,62%; fat 18,60%; crude fiber 5,11%; carbohydrate 61,73%; sodium 0,08%; potassium 1,14%; and calsium 130,93 mg.
Obesitas merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit degeneratif terutama di negara berkembang. Obesitas tersebut terjadi akibat dari perubahan gaya hidup dan perilaku antara lain aktifitas fisik dan pola diet sebagai akibat dari perkembangan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko status gizi obese pada orang dewasa dengan menggunakan indikator Persen Lemak Tubuh (PLT) dan Indeks Massa Tubuh (WIT) di Kota Depok tahun 2008. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan mengandisis data sekunder Riset Unggulan Universitas Indonesia Tahun 2008. Cara pengambilan sampel pada data primer adalah multistages sampling yaitu dengan probability proportionate to size (PPS). Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi square dan regresi logistik ganda. Variabel independen adalah karakteristik individu (umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, tempat tinggal, status bekerja dan pengeluaran) dan perilalai dan gaya hidup (asupan zat gizi, asupan serat, kebiasaan konsumsifast food, kebiasaan olahraga dan kebiasaan merokok). Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan prevalensi obese berdasarkan indikator PLT pada orang dewasa di Kota Depok eukup tinggi yaitu 35% (pria=14,44% dan wanita=20,56%). Oleh karena PLT tidak selalu dapat digunakan, IMT dijadikan sebagai indikator untuk menentukan status gizi obese. Prevalensi obese dengan menggunakan IMT cut offpoint Depkes (27 kg/m2) sebesar 22,7%. Pada saat ini INIT yang digunakan oleh Depkes, tidak membedakan cut off point berdasarkan jenis kelamin, sedangkan PLT membedakannya. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mencari cut off point IMT berdasarkan data PLT sebagai gold standar dengan menggunakan analisis Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) dart membedakan antara jenis kelamin pria dan wanita. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh cut offpoint pria (24,13 kg/m2) dan wanita (26,15 kg/m) yang kemudian disebut sebagai IMT sampel dengan prevalensi 15,88% pria dan 24,92% wanita., dengan jumlah total 40,8%. Prevalensi obese dengan 1MT sampel hampir sama dengan PLT namun sangat jauh berbeda dengan /MT Depkes. Faktor risiko yang terbukti secara bermakna berhubungan dengan status gizi obese dengan indikator PLT adalah tempat tinggal, pendidikan, pengeluaran, kebiasaan olahraga, dan kebiasaan merokok; faktor risiko yang terbukti secara bermalum berhubungan dengan status gizi obese dengan indikator [MT Depkes adalah jenis kelamin, tempat tinggal, status bekerja, kebiasaan merokok; sedangkan faktor risiko yang terbukti seeara bermakna berhubungan dengan status gizi obese dengan indikator llvlT sampel adalah tempat tinggal, pendidikan, dan kebiasaan olahraga. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan berdasarkan kategori PLT adalah tempat tinggai (OR = 2,51 ; 95%CI: 1,24-5,08); faktor risiko yang paling dorninan berdasarkan kategori IMT Depkes adalah tempat tinggal (OR = 2,11 ; 95%CI: 1,16-3,85); sedangkan faktor risiko yang paling dominan berdasarkan kategori IlvIT sampel adalah asupan karbohidrat (OR --- 3,32; 95%Cl: 1,38-,7,99). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini maka disarankan agar dllakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk memvalidasi cut off point liviT dan membedakannya menurut jenis kelamin sehingga lebih tepat untuk dijadikan sebagai skrining obese dan dilanjutkan dengan melakukan analisis faktor risiko yang ada di daerah urban. Kepada Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok agar menyebarluaskan mengenai pedoman umum gizi seirnbang (PUGS) khususnya mengenai asupan karbohidrat karena terbukti merupakan faktor risiko yang paling dominan.
