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Childhood obesity is a health problem that has a long-term negative impact on children. The prevalence of hypertension in young adults continues to increase year by year and it is suggested that childhood obesity affects hypertension in adulthood. This study aims to determine the effect of obesity as a child under the age of five (0-59 months) on adult hypertension (21-26 years). This retrospective cohort study data were from IFLS 1 in 1993 and IFLS 5 in 2014, with a total of 596 respondents under the age of five after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study showed that 15,1% of the children have hypertension as adults, with the proportion of overweight children having hypertension being 17,4%. Variables significantly related to the incidence of hypertension were gender, nutritional status of obese adults, consumption of fast food, consumption of soft drinks, and smoking habits. Multivariate analysis found that childhood obesity lower the risk for hypertension by 0.83 times compared to normal nutritional status after being controlled by smoking habits and adult nutritional status variables, but this relationship was not statistically significant.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally or to produce enough insulin. Within 5 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population aged 15 years and above increased from 6.9% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2018. This study aims to determine the effect of obesity on type 2 DM in Indonesia, with a research design retrospective cohort. The data used comes from IFLS-1 and IFLS-5 with a sample of 4,707 and analyzed using cox regression test. The results of this study showed that 7.4% of the sample had type 2 diabetes. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was an effect of obesity and age in 1993 on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in 2014; and there is a relationship between consumption of fast food, consumption of soft drinks, consumption of fruit, physical activity, and area of residence in 2014 with type 2 DM. Meanwhile, consumption of fried snacks, consumption of sweet snacks, consumption of vegetables and nutritional status in 2014, habits smoking in 1993, was not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. The conclusion of this study is that the nutritional status of obesity has a 5.62 times risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to normal nutritional status after controlling for variables of age, nutritional status in 2014, and the area of residence as confounding.
Stunting is the impaired growth and development of children due to poor nutrition, repeated infection and inadequate psychosocial stimulation that can be identified if their height-for-age (HAZ) is less than -2 standard deviation. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia was 21,6% in 2022, whereas it’s capital city, DKI Jakarta has a prevalence of 14,8%. This study aims to identify the dominant factor and factors associated with stunting among children aged 0-59 months in Jakarta. The design of this study is cross-sectional using data from SSGI 2022 with a sample of children aged 0-59 months who were selected as respondents in the SSGI 2022. Data analysis was carried out in this study using univariate analysis with frequency distribution, bivariate analysis using chi-square test and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. This study found that among 3.627 children, 17% were stunted. Multivariate analysis showed that birth length is the most dominant factor associated with stunting among children in the age group of 0-5 months and 24-59 months (OR: 37,498 and OR: 1,657), whereas mother’s height is the most dominant factor associated with stunting among children in the age group of 6-23 months (OR: 2,287).
UNICEF data shows that the prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) in Indonesia has not decreased significantly for a decade and a half [2000 (11.2%) ? 2015 (10%)]. Indonesia is ranked ninth in the world with the highest incidence of LBW. Then, babies born weighing <2500 grams (LBW) are at higher risk of premature death, stunted growth and development, low IQ, and non-communicable diseases. One of the causes of LBW is anemia where iron deficiency is known to be a risk factor. Iron deficiency in pregnant women can be avoided by taking blood-added tablets (TTD) as long as recommended (≥90 tablets). However, pregnant women in Indonesia who consume iron tablets as recommended are still low (38%). Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between maternal consumption of iron tablets during pregnancy and low birth weight. The study design used was cross-sectional by analyzing the 2018 Basic Health Research data. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the relationship between exposure (TTD consumption) and outcome (LBW) as well as other variables included in this study. TTD consumption as a determinant and other independent variables are pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, gestational age at K1, frequency of ANC, maternal age at pregnancy, education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. There is a significant relationship between maternal TTD consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of LBW. Mothers who did not take TTD at least 90 tablets had a 1.12 times greater risk of giving birth to LBW (95% CI: 1.02-1.2). Other factors that were significantly associated with LBW were pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, frequency of antenatal care, maternal age, maternal education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. It is expected that during pregnancy the mother routinely consumes 1 tablet of TTD every day at least 90 tablets, and routinely conducts pregnancy checks to unite the growth and development of the baby to prevent the incidence of LBW.
Sepertiga kasus kegemukan pada orang dewasa telah dimulai sejak masa anak-anak. Kegemukan pada anak-anak dapat menyebabkan timbulnya risiko penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakit kardiovaskuler, diabetes mellitus, dan lain-lain pada saat mereka dewasa nanti. Proporsi kegemukan pada balita dilaporkan semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Riskesdas menunjukkan peningkatan proporsi kegemukan pada Balita yaitu 12,2% pada 2007 menjadi 14,0% pada 2010 atau meningkat sekitar 1,8% dari hasil Riskesdas pada tahun 2007. Dua belas Provinsi memiliki masalah kegemukan pada Balita di atas angka nasional, DKI Jakarta merupakan provinsi dengan proporsi teratas yang memiliki masalah tersebut. Berdasarkan data tersebut, penulis melakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan berat lahir dan faktor lainnya dengan kejadian kegemukan pada balita usia 6-59 bulan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010. Desain penelitian Riskesdas 2010 adalah potong lintang. Variabel dependen yang akan diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah status kegemukan pada balita 6-59 bulan berdasarkan IMT/U. Analisis data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan proporsi kegemukan pada anak usia 6-59 bulan adalah 24,3% dan proporsi Berat Lahir Rendah sebesar 4,9%. Hasil uji chi-square diketahui tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara berat lahir dan variabel independen lainnya dengan kegemukan, namun didapatkan status pekerjaan ibu merupakan faktor paling berisiko terhadap kejadian kegemukan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
One third of adult overweight cases has begun since children period. Overweight on children can cause a degenerative risk diseases such as cardiovaskuler, diabetes mellitus,etc when they grow up later. The overweight proportion has increase by the year. From health research data was found that overweight on children under five years has increase about 1,8% which on 2007 the proportion was 12,2% become 14,0% on 2010. DKI Jakarta was the first Province from 12 Provinces who has the overweight problem which the proportion more than national rate. Based on that data, the writer want to analyze the association between birth weight and other factors with overweight on children ages 6-59 months in DKI Jakarta Province. This research is a quantitative research using a secondary data from health research 2010 (Riskesdas 2010). Riskesdas 2010 design is a cross sectional. The dependent variable is an overweight status based on Basal Metabolism Index per Age (BMI/Age). Data analysis are univariat, bivariat and multivariat. The research has found that overweight proportion is 24,3% while the low birth weight proportion is 4,9%. Chi-Square test has found that there is no relationship between birth weight and other independent factors with overweight, which mother occupation has the most risk factor to overweight in DKI Jakarta Province.
Childhood obesity has many negative short-term and long-term impact on phycialhealth, psycological health, and social life. Children with overweight and obesity are morelikely to have risk for chronic disease, such as asthma, sleep apnea, bone problems,diabetes, and blunt disease. This cross-sectional study with 3669 respondents todetermine the proportion differences in overweight based on its risk, such as fooddiversity, food consumption, sex, maternal nutritional status, maternal education, andurban-rural living areas. The result showed that 18% of children at 7-12 age wereoverweight based on IFLS V 2014, this found as much as national percentage in 2018,20%. Bivariate analysis showed that there are significant correlation between fooddiversity, food consumption (fruit, meat, egg, milk, and oil), maternal nutritional status,maternal education, and urban-rural living areas. There are not significant correlationbetween food consumption (cereal, white tubers root, vegetables, fish, sweet, andcondiments). Multivariate analysis showed that maternal education is the dominantfactors of overweight at 7-12 age children in Indonesia.Key words:Overweight, Food diversity, Food Consumption, Sex, Maternal Nutritional Status,Maternal Education, Urban-Rural Living Areas, 7-12 age children.
Indonesia faces a quite serious nutritional problem. Most of the stigma of parents in Indonesia is they will be proud if they have fat toddlers and still think that fat children are cute and adorable. In fact, children who were overweight and obese also tend to be overweight and obese in their adolescence and adulthood. If it is not handled quickly, it can cause economic losses and a decrease in the quality of human resources. The aim of this study was to find out effects of overweight and obesity on toddlers aged 24-59 years against overweight and obesity in adults aged 22-26 years (Based on IFLS Data for 1993 and 2014). The design used was longitudinal study using data from Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) I in 1993 and IFLS 5 in 2014. Samples eligible were as many as 608 people. Data was analyzed by using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate method. This results of this study were only 3.3% of subject was overweight/obese toddler in 1993, while in 2014, adult whose are overweight/ obese were 23.8%. (Overweight / obesity in toddlers at the age of 24-59 years did not affect overweight / obesity in adult aged 22-26 years (p = 0.758 and OR = 1.18).
Di era globalisasi ini banyak terjadi masalah gizi ganda. Masalah ini terutama banyak terjadi di negara berkembang dan negara miskin. Masalah gizi ganda adalah munculnya masalah gizi lebih dengan gizi kurang juga masih menjadi masalah di negara tersebut. Masalah gizi lebih ini terjadi karena makanan murah yang dikonsumsi banyak mengandung tinggi gula, tinggi lemak, tinggi garam dan tinggi kalori yang dapat menyebabkan kegemukan terutama pada anak-anak. Kegemukan pada anak-anak akan menyebabkan menyebabkan timbulnya risiko penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakit kardiovaskuler, diabetes mellitus, dan lain-lain kelak jika mereka dewasa nanti. Masa anak-anak merupakan masa yang penting untuk proses tumbuh kembangnya, untuk itu sangat diperlukan konsumsi makanan yang mengandung zatzat gizi yang diperlukan oleh tubuh anak-anak sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. Jika berlebihan akan menimbulkan dampak yang buruk bagi anak-anak. Konsumsi makanan pada anak-anak ditentukan dari apa yang mereka konsumsi sejak dini. Makanan yang pertama kali dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak adalah air susu ibu (ASI). ASI diketahui banyak mengandung gizi penting yang dibutuhkan oleh bayi, untuk itu pemerintah dan World Health Organization (WHO) merekomendasikan untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif selama enam bulan kehidupan pertama bayi. ASI juga diketahui memiliki efek protektif terhadap kegemukan pada anak. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji mengenai hubungan antara konsumsi ASI eksklusif dan faktor lainnya dengan kejadian kegemukan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010. Desain penelitian Riskesdas 2010 adalah cross sectional (potong lintang). Analisis data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Variabel dependen yang akan diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah status kegemukan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan berdasarkan IMT/U. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil proporsi kegemukan pada anak usia 623 bulan adalah 22,6% dan proporsi ASI eksklusif sebesar 19,9%. Dari hasil uji chisquare diketahui tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara ASI eksklusif dengan kegemukan, sedangkan hubungan yang bermakna ditemukan pada variabel berat lahir, pekerjaan ibu dan pengeluaran keluarga. Faktor yang paling berhubungan dari semua variabel independen yang diteliti adalah berat lahir. Kata kunci : Usia 6-23 bulan, Kegemukan, ASI eksklusif, Indonesia
Globalization era has make a double burden on nutrition problem. This problems happened in the develeloped and poor country. Double burden on nutrition is a problem with overnutrition has come while the undernutrition still become a problem. Overnutrition arise because a children consume cheap food that contain of high sugar, high fat, high salt and high calory that can cause a degenerative diseases such as cardiovaskuler, diabetes mellitus when they grow up later. Children period plays an important role for their development and growth, and for that they need the food that contain of nutrition that they need. If it more than they need, it will become a bad impact for the child. For babies, the first food that they consume is breastmilk. Breastmilk has been known as an important nutrition for the baby so that the World Health Organization has recommend to give breastmilk only for the first six months of their early life. Breastmilk has a protective effect for overweight on child. Based on that reason, the writer interested to analyze the association between breastfeeding and other factors with overweight on children ages 6-23 months in Indonesia 2010. This research is a quantitative research using a secondary data from health research 2010 (Riskesdas 2010). Riskesdas 2010 design is a cross sectional. Data analysis are univariat, bivariat and multivariat. The dependent variable is an overweight status based on Basal Metabolism Index per Age (BMI/Age). This research has found that overweight proportion is 22,6% while the breastfeeding proportion is 19,9%. Chi-Square test has found that there is no relationship between breastfeeding with overweight while the significant relationship has been found on birth weight, mother occupation and family expenses. Keywords : Children ages 6-23 months, Overweight, Exclusive Breastfeeding, Indonesia
Kata Kunci : Anak usia 0-23 bulan, Faktor determinan, Wasting Wasting is low weight for height.
This study aims to determine the difference factors associated with wasting in children aged 0-23 months in 13 provinces in Indonesia (Study of IFLS-2 in 1997, IFLS-3 in 2000, and IFLS-5 in 2014).The research design was used cross sectional with total sample of children aged 0-23 months was 582 in 1997, 1263 in 2000, and 1609 in 2014. Wasting was measured using weight scale, length board with level of accuracy was 0,1 cm. The results showed the decrease in the prevalence of wasting from 12,20% in 1997, 11,96% in 2000 and 10,13% in 2014. Bivariate results showed that in 1997 there were a significant relationship between provision of companion breastfeeding food, poverty status, and sex with wasting events, while in 2000 there were no variables that significantly associated with wasting events, and in 2014 poverty status and body length birth were the significant factors. Multivariate results showed the poverty status was the dominant factor associated with wasting in 1997 and 2014. Prevention of wasting should be started prior pregnancy and focused on community with high poverty level.
Key words : Children aged 0-23 months, Determinant factor, Wasting
