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Stunting is a malnutrition that is still a public health problem in Indonesia and causes various adverse effects on children's health. Besides caused by a chronic lack of nutrition, stunting can also be caused by recurrent of infectious diseases. Efforts to prevent infectious diseases, such as immunization, will play a role in increasing child growth, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from SSGI 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were that toddlers were aged 12–59 months at the time of data collection, their height was measured, were not experiencing severe or chronic illness, and had complete variable data. A total of 70,267 toddlers met the inclusion criteria, and all were taken as research samples. Data analysis was performed using the Cox regression to obtain a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% of confidence interval. This study shows that the prevalence of stunting among children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia is 23.1%, and the proportion of children under five who have complete basic immunization status is 74.92%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that basic immunization status had a statistically significant association with the incidence of stunting. Toddlers with incomplete basic immunization status are at risk 1.19 times higher for stunting compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.19 (95% CI 1.15–1.23)]. Toddlers who are not immunized at all have an even higher risk of experiencing stunting, which is 1.27 times higher compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.27 (95% CI 1.15–1.39)], after controlling for variables such as the mother's education, economic status, and the child's birth weight. Efforts are needed to complete the child's immunization status on time according to schedule and increase the mother's knowledge regarding the use of health services, the fulfillment of toddler nutrition, and the stimulation of child growth and development.
Latar belakang: Hampir tidak adanya perubahan jumlah kejadian bayi berat lahir rendah selama empat tahun terakhir merupakan suatu masalah besar, sehingga dapat berkontribusi terhadap angka kematian dan angka kesakitan bayi. Metod: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, untuk melihat hubungan status anemia trimester I, II, dan selama hamil sebagai variabel utama dengan kejadian bayi berat lahir rendah setelah dikendalikan dengan umur ibu, paritas, jarak kehamilan, tinggi badan, penambahan berat badan, lingkar lengan atas, kunjungan ke palayanan kesehatan. Dari 84,98 % data register kohort ibu yang valid dibagi menjadi dUa bagian. Pertama adalah ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi lahir berat badan rendah yang dikelompokkan menjadi kasus dan kedua ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi berat badan lahir normal yang dikategorikan kelompok kontrol. Untuk kelompok kasus semua ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi berat lahir rendah tahun 2006 dan 2007 diambil sedangkan tahun 2005 dilakukan random kasus hingga memenuhi 96 kasus. Untuk kelompok kontrol dibuat kerangka sampel, dari kerangka sampel ini kemudian diambil sampel secara random, sesuai dengan tempat dan waktu dimana kasus ditemukan hingga jumlahnya 96 kontrol. Sehingga total sampel penelitian berjumlah 192 sampel. Analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda dengan interaksi antara anemia dan lingkar lengan atas ibu hamil. Hasil: Ibu hamil yang anemia trimester I dan lingkar lengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 13,57 (95 % CI: 2,74-67,20) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil yang tidak anamia dan lingkar lengan atasnya lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan nilai p =0,001; Ibu hamil yang anemia trimester III dan lingkar lengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 7,44 (95% CI : 1,94-28,62) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil yang tidak anemia dan lingkar lengan atas lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan nilai p =0,003; Ibu hamil yang anemia selama kehamilannya (trimester I dan III) dan lingkar dengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 9,97 (95% CI: 1,81·54,79) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah di dibandingkan dengan ibu yang tidak anemia dan lingkar lengan atas lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan niai p = 0,008. Kesimpulan: ibu barnil yang mengalarni status goo kurang (anemia dan lingkar lengan a!aS kurang 23,5 em) memperbesar risiko kejadian baY; berat 1abir rendah di Kola Jambi taboo 2005·2001.
Background: Next to nothing is change sum up heavy baby occurrence born to lower during four the last year represent an big problem, so that earn bave contribution to mortality and number of baby painfulness. Design: This research use design case control, to see relation of status of anemia of trimester I, II, and during pregnancy as especial variable with heavy baby occurrence born to lower after controlled with mother age, parity. apart pregnancy, high of body, heavy addition of body, circle arm to the, visit to health service. From 84,98 % data of divided to valid register cohort mother become two shares. Mother bearing a term with baby born bady weight lower grouped to become case and second mother hearing a term with heavy baby of body born normal is which group control. For the case group of all mother bearing a term with heavy baby born to lower year 2006 and 2007 taken by 2005 done by random case till fulfill 96 case. For the group control made by framework sample, from this framework sample later; then be taken by sample in random as according 10 place and time of where case found till sum up 96 control. So that totalize sample research amount to 192 sample. Analysis multivariate use test of regression logistics duplicate with interaction of between anemia and arm circumference to the pregnant mother. Results: Pregnancy woman which anemia of trimester I and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 13,57 (95 % CI: 2,74-67,20) bearing heavy baby born to lower compared to by a pregnancy mother which the anemia do not and the arm circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value = 0,001; Pregnancy mother which anemia of trimester III and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 7,44 (95% CI: 1,94-28,62) bearing heavy baby born to lower compared to by a pregnancy mother which the anemia do not and the arm circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value=0,003; Pregnancy mother which anemia of during his pregnancy (trimester I and III) and the arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 9,97 (95% CI: 1,81-54,79) bearing heavy baby born 10 lower in compared to by a mother which the anemia do not and the ann circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value= O,008 aras pregnant mother. Conclusion: Pregnancy woman experiencing of status gizi less (anemia and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm) enlarging risk of heavy baby occurrence born to lower in Kota Jambi Year 2005-2007.
Kata kunci: BBLR; kehamilan remaja
Low Birth Weight (LBW) in Indonesia has the prevalence of 7,3 % according to IDHS 2012. Some research showed that more LBW occurences happened to mother aged 15-19 at the time of birth. This study aims to prove the association between adolescent pregnancy and low birth weight after controlling all the confounding variables. The method used for this study is case-control (1:1) by analyzing IDHS 2012. The selected cases are 871 with 871 controls. Covariate variables are education, parity, complication during pregnancy, complication at birth, months of pregnancy at first antenatal visit and number of antenatal visit. The result of the study is that there is a significant association between adolescent pregnancy after controlling all confounding variables which are education, complication during pregnancy and months of pregnancy at first antenatal visit and number of antenatal visit (OR: 2,65; p value= 0,013; 95% CI: 1,232-5,712).
Key words: LBW; adolescent pregnancy
Angka kejadian BBLR di Indonesia pada tahun 2002 adalah 13,4 %, angka tcrsebut masih tinggi jika dibandingkan negara-negara lain di wilayah Asia Tenggara, padahal dari berbagai literatur menyatakan bahwa adanya pengaruh yang sangal merugikan akibat kejadian BBLR pada tahap kehidupan sclanjutnya (masa balila, anal;- anak, rcmaja, dan dewasa). Disisi lain, masih sedikit penelitian di Indonesia yang mcngangkat masalah penyebab BBLR khususnya status ekonomi. Tujuan pcnclitian ini adalah mcngetahui hubungan tingkat perckonomian rumah langga di Indonesia tcrhadap kcjadian BBLR sclama kurun waktu tahun |997 - 2003. Khususnya didacrah pcdcsaan dan perkotaan Dcsain pcnelilian ini adalah polong Iinlang, yang mcnggunakan data sckundcr dari hasil survey SDK! tahun 2002 - 2003. Pengukuran tingkal perckonomian menggunakan variabcl wealth indcks, scdangkan pengukuran variabcl BBLR dalam bentuk katagorik. Sampcl yang dianalisis dalam pcnclitian ini benjiumlah 10049 data. Analisis statistik menggunakan rcgresi logislik ganda. Hasil analisis penelitian ini mcndapalkan gambaran perekonomian tingkat nasional yang hampir merata anlara perscntase kclompok ekonomi kcluarga tertinggi dengan terendah (sckitar 20 %). Untuk dncrah pcdcsan lebih banyak pcrscntasc kclompok ekonomi kcluarga terendah (37%). Gambaran sebaliknya pada dacrah pcrkolaan terlihat paling banyak adalah persentase kelompok ekonomi kcluarga tertinggi (35 %). Untuk variabel dependen, gambaran BBLR pada tingkat nasional sebesar 7,5 % pada kelompok ekonomi kcluarga terendah, sedangkan persmtase kelompok ekonomi keluarga tertinggi hanya 4,8 %. Urutan basil yang sama dapat ditemukan pada kelompok yang tinggal di daezah perkotaan, namun untuk daerah pedesaan, angka BBLR justru terendah pada kelompok ekonomi keluarga sedang (5,4 %). Pcnelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa. adanya hubungan tingkat perekonomian rumah tangga dengan kejadian BBLR di Indonesia ku"un waktu 1997 - 2003. Untuk kelompok ekonomi keluarga rendah di Indonesia mepunyai kcccndcrungan untuk mcluhirkan BBLR sebcsar POR = 1,26 (95 % CI: l,04 - l,52) dibanding kelompok ekononomi kcluarga tinggi. Adanya Kcmaknaan hubungan kedua variabel tcrsebut juga terjadi pada daerah pedesaan (POR= |,36; 95 % Cl: 1,02 - l,8) namun tidak dcmikian halny dengan daerah perkotaan (POR= l,26; 95 % Cl: 0,81 - |,56). Penulis menyarankan adanya program pencegahan BBLR yang mcnyeluruh terutama pada kelompok ekonomi keluarga rendah, terlebih lagi kelompok ekonomi keluarga rendah yang tinggal di daemh pedesaan. Hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah antisipasi adanya data mising pada daerah pedesaan dan kelompok ekonomi keluarga rendah dalam pengumpuian data serta penambahan beberapa pertanyaan penting yang diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan kejadian BBLR pada kegiatan sejenis survei SDKI dimasa yang al-can datang.
The prevalence of LBW lndonesia in 2002 is 13.4 %, that number is still high comparing with other countries in Southeast Asia, although from various literatures say that the existences ofthe harming effect because of the LBW occurrence in the next period of life (childhood, teenagers, and adults), in the other hands there are still a few researches in indonesia that rise about the couse of LBW especially in ES. The objective of this study is to know the relationship of ES household level in Indonesia upon the LBW during 1997 - 2003 period, especially in the rural and urban areas. This study is an analysis of secondary data gathered through Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2002 - 2003. Design of the study is cross sectional. The measurement ol`ES used wealth index variable and LBW variable is in the form of categorical data. The number of sample to analysis in this study is amount 10049 data, statisic analysis used multiple logistic regression. The result of this study shows that representation at national level ofES is almost equal in all strata of economics (i 20 %). ln the rural area, poorest families group has highest percentage (37 %). lt’s dissimilar in the urban area that show most richest families group (35 %). For dependent variable, the representation of LBW in national level is 7.5 % in the poorest group, while the percentage ofthe richest is only 4.8 %. The same sequence result can be found in the group who live in the urban areas, but for the rural areas, the number of LBW is even the lowest in the middle of ES (5,4 %). The study concludes that there is relationship between ES in household level with the prevalence ot`LBW in Indonesia for the period 1997 - 2003. The poor families in Indonesia has tendency for having LBW for as much of POR = 1.26 (95 % CI: 1.04 - 1.52) comparing to the rich families. The result in the rural level have relationship as much of POR= l,36; 95 % Cl: 1,02 ~ l,8, but in the urban area haven’t significant value (POR= l,26; 95 % CI: 0,81 - I,56). The writer suggest that the existence ol' comprehensive prevention progmm of LBW especially in the poor group, more over the poor families who live in n.|ral areas. Other case that needed to be considered is the anticipation of missing data in rural areas and the poor families group while data collection and to addition ol` some essential questionnaires that suspected has importance relation with LBW prevalence in the similar survey of IDHS in the next fixture.