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Katarak merupakan penyebab utama kebutaan di Indonesia dan dunia pada umumnya. Diperkirakan l,5% prevalensi kebutaan terjadi di Indonesia dan merupakan yang tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan Salah satu provinsi di Indonesia dengan prevalensi kebutaan yang cukup tinggi 1,3%). Tingginya penumpukan kasus (backlog) katarak disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara insiden katarak dengan operasi yang dilakukan setiap tahunnya. Operasi katarak merupakan salah salu tindakan operatif yang terbukti cost effective. Bcberapa jenis metode operasi diharapkan bisa mengatasi backlog katarak dan bisa diterima baik dari sisi provider juga dari penerima pelayanan (penderita). Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) dan Phacoemalsfficarion diharapkan bisa rnenjadi standar operasi katarak di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia dan Sumatera Selatan khususnya di kota Palembang. Penelitian ini membandingkan dua metode operasi katarak, MSICS dan phacoemulsification. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan biaya rata-rata dan output operasi katarak yang dilakukan di dua klinik khusus mata di Palembang, Sumatera Selatan yaitu Palembang Eye Centre untuk metode MSICS dan Sriwijaya Eye Centre untuk metode Phacoemulsificataion. Sampel adalah 55 penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode MSICS dan 60 pasien yang dioperasi dengan metode phacoemulsification. Penelitian dilakukan secara prospektif dari bulan Februari sampai dengan April 2008. Data demografi penderita, visus sebelum dan sesudah operasi diperoleh dari rekam medis dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya total pada phacoemulsification lebih besar dibandingkan metode MSICS. Phacoemulsification membutuhkan biaya investasi yang besar untuk mesin phacoemulsification dan mikroskop operasi serta biaya bahan medis habis pakai dan lensa tanam per kasus yang dioperasi. Pada metode MSICS biaya bahan medis habis pakai ini mengambii porsi 46 % dari biaya total dan 63 % pada metode phacoemulsiiication. Biaya bahan medis habis pakai adalah Rp.866.850 untuk MSICS dan Rp.2.008.750 untuk phacoemulsification. Perbandingan biaya rata-rata per operasi adaiah Rp. 1.895.019 untuk metode MSICS dan Rp.3.20l.4l6 untuk phacoemulsiiication. Biaya investasi per unit operasi pada metode MSICS lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode phacoemulsification sedangkan biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan rata-rata per operasi pada metode MSICS lebih rendah. Pada penelitian ini sebanyak 8l,8% penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode MSICS dan 96,7 % penderita yang dioperasi dengan metode phacoemulsification bisa mencapai perbaikan visus 6/ 12 atau lebih pada 4 minggu post operasi. Pada penelitian ini hanya biaya dari sisi provider yang dihitung, sementara biaya dari sisi penderita tidak dihitung. Pengukuran visus post operasi hanya dilakukan sampai minggu ke-4. Karena keterbatasan inilah, hasil evaluasi ekonomi ini harus diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati dan metode operasi manakah yang lebih cost-effective belum dapat disimpulkan. Kesimpulan yang bisa dibuat dari penelitian ini adalah biaya operasi katarak dengan metode MSICS Iebih effisien secara ekonomi dan bisa dipilih sebagai altematif dalam penanganan baclog katarak.
Cataract is the main cause of avoidable blindness in Indonesia and throughout the world. There are an estimated prevalence l.5 % of blindness in Indonesia, the highest one in South East Asia. South Sumatera is one of the province in Indonesia having high prevalence of blindness (l,8%). A huge backlog of cataract blindness is due to imbalance of cataract incidence and surgery done every year. Cataract extraction is one of the cost eiective surgical interventions. Any type of cataract surgery, which is expected to tackle the backlog has to be affordable to service provider and the service recipient (patient). Manual Small incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) and Phacoemulsilication are expected to be the standard of care for cataract surgery. A small incision is done and does not need to be sutured makes both of these methods to have high quality in restoring visual function after cataract surgery. This study was done to make comparison of these two methods, MSICS and phacoemulsification, aimed to compare the average cost and output of cataract surgeries done in two Eye Care Centre in Palembang, South Sumatera, namely Palembang Eye Centre for MSICS methods and Sriwijaya Eye Centre for phacoemulsitication methods. The sample of 55 patient for MSICS and 60 patient for phacoemulsification were enrolled prospectively from February to April 2008. Data on patient demography, pre operative and post operative visual acuity were abstracted from medical record and observation. Output was measured as visual acuity 4 weeks post operatively. The total cost for phacoemulsification was higher than that for MSICS in this study. Phacoernulsitication requires a high capital investment for a phacoemulsiiication machine and a more expensive operating microscope along with higher cost per case for disposable and a foldable IOL. Consumable cost contributes 46 % of total cost for MSICS and 63 % for Phacoemulsitication. Consumable cost was Rp.866.850 for MSICS and Rp.2.008.'/50 for phacoemulsification. Cost per catarct surgery was Rp.l.895.0l9 for MSICS as compared to Rp.3.20l.4l6 for phacoemulsitication. Average investment cost for MSICS was higher than that for phacoemulsification. Average operational cost (without consumable cost in operating room) and average maintence cost of MSICS were lower than phacoemulsification in this study. The result of the study showed that 81,8 % patients of MSICS procedures and 96,7 % patients of phacoemulsification procedures achieved 6/ 12 or better visual acuity 4 weeks postoperatively. In this study Only provider cost was calculated while the consumer cost was not included. Visual acuity was measured merely 4 weeks postoperatively. BCVA (Best Corrected Visual Acuity) is used as an outcome measure for cataract surgery. These limitations of the study make the result of this economic evaluation sould be interpreted cautiously. Whether one method is more cost-effective can not be concluded from this study. The conclusion of this study is that the MSICS method being the more efficient method to tackle cataract backlog.
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a congenital disorder that can have an impact inthe form of permanent mental retardation. Giving the right dose of levothyroxine atthe earliest possible age, can prevent the disruption of growth and development.Newborns do not show symptoms of CH, and unfortunately the symptoms appear inthe late period and in many cases it shows growth disorders. The congenitalhypothyroidism screening (CHS) program has been implemented to find infant caseswith CH, and followed up with treatment.Although it has been made since 2006, Minister of Health just issued the regulationin 2014 on the implementation of CHS in Indonesia. This economic evaluation of theCHS program in 2014-2015 was done using cost analysis, while outcome obtainedfrom the systematic review (SR). The assumptions used in the analysis weredeveloped based on real data from a CHS screening program in two referrallaboratories in Jakarta and Bandung. Out of 56.186 screened babies, 24 babies werefound as CH positive cases.The result of the SR revealed that the earlier onset of initiation therapy, the moreadequate dose and the more continuous therapy given to the patient, the better resultwill be achieved. It will prevent the patients from severe complications of CH andwill improve the quality of thegrowth and development..The study found that the economic benefit is achieved in the second year of CHtreatment, since the pathological symptoms generally appear at the age of 3-6 monthand parents seek care in the second year. Consequently, cost to treat patients willincrease. The cost of screening and early treatment was found worthy as compared toeconomic loss resulting from growth disorders.Key words:Congenital Hypothyroid screening, cost, outcome
ABSTRAK Nama : Wirda Syari Program Studi : Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Judul : Evaluasi Ekonomi Parsial Antara Pemberian Terapi Rivaroxaban dan Terapi Kombinasi (UFH + Warfarin) untuk Pengobatan Trombosis Vena Dalam (Deep Vein Thrombosis) pada Pasien Kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais Tahun 2016 – 2018 Pembimbing : Dr. drg. Mardiati Nadjib, MS Berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui bahwa terapi rivaroxaban memiliki beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan dengan terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) untuk pengobatan trombosis vena dalam (deep vein thrombosis/DVT). Akan tetapi, masih sedikit dokter di RS Kanker Dharmais yang memberikan terapi rivaroxaban untuk pengobatan DVT. Penelitian evaluasi ekonomi parsial ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas/outcome dan besarnya biaya yang dibutuhkan dari perspektif rumah sakit antara pemberian terapi rivaroxaban dan terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) untuk pengobatan DVT pada pasien kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais tahun 2016 – 2018. Karena keterbatasan jumlah pasien yang mendapatkan terapi rivaroxaban selama 3 – 6 bulan, studi ini menganalisis biaya dan efektivitas/outcome dari pasien yang mendapatkan terapi selama 1 bulan. Efektivitas/outcome yang diukur adalah intermediate outcome, yang meliputi lama hari rawat, kesembuhan, dan kejadian perdarahan. Biaya dihitung berdasarkan biaya yang dibebankan kepada pasien (charge), yang meliputi biaya obat, pemeriksaan penunjang, tindakan, serta administrasi dan akomodasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa untuk efektivitas/outcome terapi rivaroxaban, sebagian besar pasien tidak mendapatkan perawatan rawat inap, 40% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi rivaroxaban hingga mencapai outcome yang diharapkan adalah Rp 8.824.791,00. Untuk efektivitas/outcome terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin), sebagian besar pasien memiliki lama hari rawat antara 8 – 14 hari, 46% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi kombinasi (UFH + warfarin) hingga mencapai outcome yang diharapkan adalah Rp 13.201.698,00. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi ekonomi; kanker; rivaroxaban; trombosis vena dalam; warfarin
ABSTRACT Name : Wirda Syari Study Program : Magister of Public Health Title : Partial Economic Evaluation Between Rivaroxaban Therapy and Combination Therapy (UFH + Warfarin) for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Cancer Patients at Dharmais Cancer Hospital during 2016 - 2018 Counsellor : Dr. drg. Mardiati Nadjib, MS Based on previous studies, rivaroxaban therapy has several advantages compared to combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, the use of rivaroxaban in Dharmais Cancer Hospital is still low. This partial economic evaluation study aims to analyze cost and consequence of rivaroxaban therapy and combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) for DVT treatment in cancer patients at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital during 2016 – 2018. Data collection was done using cohort-retrospective and individual unit of analysis. Due to limited number of patient treated with rivaroxaban therapy within 3-6 months, we estimated the cost and consequence related to patients who were successfully treated in one month. The consequence was the intermediate outcome, i.e length of stay, recovery, and the occurrence of bleeding. The cost was calculated based on hospital perspective including drugs, laboratory tests, procedures, as well as the administrative and accommodation costs. The results showed that patients with rivaroxaban therapy were not admitted to inpatient care, 40% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of rivaroxaban therapy to reach the expected outcome was Rp 8,824,791.00. The study also showed that the outcome of combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) were length of stay between 8 to 14 days, 46% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of combination therapy (UFH + warfarin) to reach the expected outcome was Rp 13,201,698.00. Key words: Cancer; deep vein thrombosis; economic evaluation; rivaroxaban; warfarin
Di Propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam (NAD) , malaria masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang sudah berlangsung lama dan sampai saat ini belum bisa diatasi. Salah satu kabupaten di NAD yaitu Kabupaten Aceh Utara merupakan daerah endemis malaria. Selama 5 (lima) tahun terakhir (2003-2007) AMI (Annual Malaria Jndeks) di Kabupaten Aceh Utara mengalami peningkatan dibandingbn tahun-iahun sebelumnya. Pada tahun 2007 angka AMI sebesar 3,67 per 1000 penduduk. dengan jumlah penderita klinis yang diobati pada puskesmas mencapai 1.555 orang. Aogka tersebut tidak termasuk: kasus-bsus malaria pada rumah saldt pemerintah maupun swasta.. Tinggi AMI di Kabupaten Aceh utara tersebut tidak hanya memberikan dampak terhadap sektor kesehatan saja, tetapi juga berdampak: terbadap sektor ekonomi masyarakat. Tingginya kasus malaria tersebut menyebabkan banyaknya waktu yang hilang karena sesorang tersebut sakit sehingga dia tidak produktif dan harus kehilangan penghasilannya. Selain itu penderita malaria juga meugelwukan biaya untuk pengobatan. tnmsportasi, konswnsi dan sebagainya. Kerugian tersebut tidak banya dirasakanoJeh penderita tetapi juga o1eh pemerintah karena adanya pengeluaran dalam angka penanggulangan penyalit malaria. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran kerugian ekonomi akib&t malaria di Kabupaten Aceh tfurra Tahun 2007. Tujuan kuhusus adalab untuk mengetahui karakteristik penderita malaria tahun 2007, berapa besar biaya Jangsomg dan fidak 1angsung yang dilrelwukan oleh peoderita baik sebelum., selama dan sesudah pengobatan perawatan di puskesmas, faktor-faktor apa Saja yang mempengaruhi total biaya yang dilkeluarkan penderita malaria, juga untuk mengetahui berapa besar biaya yang dikeluarkan pemerintah baik preventif maupun kuratif dalam jangka penanganan penyakiAceh Utara mengenai biaya yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah selama Tahun 2007 dalam rangka penanganan penyakit malaria. Hasil Penelitian menuqjukkan bahwa penderita malaria di Kabupaten Aceh Utara tahun 2007 sebagian besar laki-laki mencapai 92.3% dari total seluruh sampel penelitian. Dari segi umur responden, didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar penderita berumur 26 tahun - 35 tahun yang sebagian besar bek.erja di daemh pen.ggummgan sebagai petani atau buruh lac!ang. Biaya tidak langsung yang dikeluarlam oleh responden beJjumlah rata-rata sebesar Rp. 948.009,- atau 82,5% dari total biaya keselurulum. Sementara biaya l.mgsuog sdalah Rp. 195.000,- atau 17,5 % dari total biaya keseluruhan. Rata-rata total biaya yang dikeluarlam oleh setiap responden pada Tahun 2007 karena sakit malaria adalah Rp. Rp. 1.565.922,?Jumlah penderita klinis Tahun 2007 menurut laponm dinas kesehatan adalah 1.555 orang sehingga total pengeluaran penderita malaria Tahun 2007 adalah sebesar Rp.2.435.008.710, Pengeluaran Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh Utara Tahun 2007 untuk penanganan penyakit malaria berdasarkan laporan dinas kesehatan adalah sebesar 566.555.000, atau naik 25 kali lipat dari tahun 2006 yang hanya sebesar Rp. 22.800.000,- Total kerugian ekonomi alaOat malaria (Economic Loss) di Kabupaten Aceh Utara Tahun 2007 adalah sebanyak Rp. 3.001.563.710,-.Total kerugian ini hanya mencakup nilai perhitungan dari pasien yang datang ke puskesmas dan pengeluaran pemerintah selama Tabw 2007. Hasil analisis bivariat menemukan, hanya satu variabel yang tidak menunjukan hubungan dengan total biaya, yaitu lama hari tidak produk1if penderita, sedangkan variabel lain seperti jenis plasmodium, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pengbasilan. hari rawat dan jenis pekerjaan menuqjukkan adanya hubungan dengan total bi.aya yang dikeluarlam penderita selama sakit malaria Tahun 2007. Saran yang disampaikan adalah perlu dilakukan penelitian yang lengkap tentang bahaya yang di timbulkan oleh penyakit malaria, baik dari sisi pasein maupun dari pemerintah serta dampak ekonomi secara luas terbadap perekonomian masyarakat.Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Aceh Utara perlu mengupayakan kerjasama dengan dinas perkebunan yang mempunyai akses langsung dengan perusahaan tempat buruh bekeJja untok pemberantasan malaria. Puskesmas dalam wilayah Kabupaten Aceh Utara perlu meningkatkan upaya.upaya promotif dan preventif dengan tidak mengabaikan upaya buratif yang tepat dan efesien, terutama yang menyangkut tentang upaya pencegahan dari masyarakat sendiri sebingga dapat menurunkan kasus malaria. Dan bagi pemerintah Kabupataten Aceh Utara diharapkan dapat memberikan perhatian yang khusus terhadap berbagai faktor risiko yang bekaitan dengan penyebaran penyakit malaria. Dengan demikian diharapkan adanya intervensi yang berkelanjutan untuk dapat menurunkan kasus malaria sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
Malaria is still one of public health problems for a long time and it can not be overcame yet until now in Province of Nanggroe Ac:eh Darussalam. One of districts in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam is North Aceh which is a place with malaria endemic. Annual Malaria Index (AMI) improved for five years (2003-2007) in North Aceh district. AMI level is 3,67 of 1000 population with amount of clinic patients which are medicated at Primary Health Care are 1.555 peoples. These numbers do not include malaria cases at private and government hospital. High number of AMI in North Ac:eh district does not only give impact for health sector, but it also gives impact for economic sector.This high malaria case caused of many missing times because someone is ill so they are not productive and they have to lose their income. Besides, malaria patient must spend more expenses for medication, transportation, consumption and others. Loss is not only felt by patient but also by government because there are expenses for overcoming malaria disease. This study aim generally to get describing of economic loss which is caused of malaria at North Ac:eh district in 2007. Specific aim is to know how big expenses directly and indirectly which are spent by patient before, during and after medication at Primary Health Care. It is also to know how big expenses which are spent by government for promotion, prevention, and curative for handling malaria disease in 2007. This study don't cover the expenses which are spent by malaria patient who are looking for medication beside to Primary Health Care at North Aceh district in 2007. This study used a descriptive exploitative method with a cross sectional design which has been done from March until June in 2008 by 91 samples. Primary data was got from patient or family who got health service both of outpatient and inpatient with malaria in 2007. While secondary data was got from Health Department at North Ac:eh district concerning the expenses which have been spent by government during 2007 for handling of malaria disease Study result indicated that malaria patient at North Aceh district in 2007, most of them were men. They were 92,3% from total sample of this study. From respondent age got that most patient age 26 - 35 years old who most of them worked as farmer and farm worker at mount area. The expenses which were spent indirectly by respondents were Rp. 948.009 or 82,5% of total costs entirely.While direct costs were Rp. 195.000 or 175% of total costs entirely. Average of total costs which were spent by every respondent with malaria in 2007 were Rp. 1.565.922.Amount of clinic patient in 2007 based on report of Health Department were l.SSS patient so total expenses of malaria patient in 2007 were Rp. 2.435.008.710. The expenses of North Aceh district government in 2007 for handling of malaria disease based on report of Health Department were 566.555.000 or increased 25 times from 2006 which they were only Rp. 22.800.000. Total economic loss which was caused of malaria in North Aceh district in 2007 were Rp. 3.001.563.710. This total loss was only including of calculation value from patient who came to Primary Health Care and government expenses during 2007. From Bivariate analysis result indicated that it was only one variable which didn't indicate a relationship?with total cost including total day of unproductive patient, while other variables like typos of plasmodium, gender, education, income, care day and job indicated the eXistence of relationship with total costs which were spent by patient during malaria sick in 2007. It was suggested to do a compreliensive study concerning the expenses which were spent by malaria disease both of patient and government side and also economic impact for public economic. Health Department ofNorth Aceh District must strive cooperation by Plant Department which has direct access with company where labors work for overcoming malaria. Primary Health Care of North Aceh District must improve the efforts of promotion and prevention without disregarding correct and efficient curative effort, especially concerning prevention effort of public its self so it can reduce malaria case. It was also suggested to government of North Aceh District to give a special attention of various risk factors related to spreading of malaria disease. It was expected a comprehensive intervention to be able to reduce malaria case so it can increase public income and prosperity.
