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Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan msyarakat yang serius bagi umat manusia di dunia. Saat ini diperkirakan 2,5 milyar manusia hidup di wilayah-wilayah endemis malaria dengan ± 300 juta kasus dan -+ 1juta orang meninggal setiap tahun karena penyakit malaria. Di Indonesia pada periode tahun 2001-2004 mengalami penurunan Annual paracite incidence (API) di Jawa-Bali tahun 2001 (0,62%o), 2002 (0,47%0), 2003 (0,22%o) dan 2004 (0,15%0). Demikian pula annual malaria incidence (AMI) di War Jawa-Bali tahun 2001 (26,20%0), 2002 (22,30%0), 2003 (21,80960) dan 2004 (21,20%o), tetapi penyakit malaria masih menimbulkan KLB pada tahun 2004, di 5 propinsi pada 6 kabupaten dengan 1.959 penderita dan 33 penderita meninggal dunia_ Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor pelayanan kesehatan, perilaku dan lingkungan dengan kejadian malaria dalam upaya mengidentifikasi karakteristik populasi lokal spesifik. Desain penelitian adalah studi korelasi populasi, menggunakan data sekunder dari Depkes RI dan BPS Pusat. Besar sampel yang diperlukan dalam penelitian 108 namun dalam analisisnya menggunakan keseluruhan sampel yang berhasil dikumpulkan sebanyak 46. Kasus adalah kelompok penderita dengan gejala klinis malaria yang sudah didiagnosis oleh petugas kesehatan, tinggal di propinsi Indonesia dan tercatat di Sub Direktorat Malaria Direktorat Jenderal Penanggulangan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia tahun 2000-2004. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada Bulan Juni 2006. Variabel penelitian adalah faktor pelayanan kesehatan (puskesmas), perilaku (kualitas sumber daya manusia) dan lingkungan (lingkungan sosial ekonomi, lingkungan tingkat rural, lingkungan sosial demografi dan lingkungan fisik) yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya efek yang diteliti (kejadian malaria di propinsi Indonesia tahun 2000-2004). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan sedang antara variabel puskesmas (1=0,335), sumber daya manusia (1=0,299), pemerataan (r=0,504), aspek lingkungan desa (r=-0,448), aspek pejamu desa (1=-0,493), kepadatan penduduk (1=-0,440) dan potensi perindukan nyamuk (r=-0,326) dengan kejadian malaria di Indonesia tahun 2000 sampai dengan 2004. Variabel yang paling besar berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di Indonesia tahun 2000-2004 adalah variabel proporsi aspek lingkungan desa dengan model persamaan proporsi kejadian malaria = 2,316 + 0,628 (proporsi puskesmas) + 0,396 (proporsi sumber daya manusia) + 0,037 (proporsi pemerataan ) - 0,335 (proporsi aspek lingkungan desa) - 1,074 (proporsi potensi perindukan nyamuk). Dengan setiap puskesmas memiliki program P2 malaria yang secara aktif menjalankan tugasnya dalam penemuan kasus, pemberantasan, pencegahan dan penyuluhan malaria maka peningkatan faktor pelayanan kesehatan (variabel proporsi puskesmas) akan diikuti dengan penurunan proporsi kejadian malaria.
Malaria is still a serious health problem at society for human being in the world, because of a highest prevalence especially in development countries. Today it is estimated almost 2,5 billions people live at malaria endemic by 300 millions cases and 1 million people died because of malaria disease every year. It decreased in Indonesia at period of 2001-2004, Annual Paracite Incidence in Java - Bali in 2001 (0,62 0/00), in 2002 (0,47 °/oo), in 2003 (0,22 °/oo), and in 2004 (0,15 °/00). Furthermore, Annual Malaria Incident in Java-Bali in 2001, (26,20 0/oo, in 2002 (22,30 °/oo), in 2003 (21,80 °/oo), and in 2004 (21,20 0100). Malaria disease is still an extraordinary occurrence in 2004, 5 provinces, 6 sub-provinces, by 1.959 patients and 33 of them died. This research purpose is to know a relation between health services, behavior and environment factor with malaria occurrence in the effort of identifying a local population characteristic specifically. Research used a correlated population design with secondary data from Indonesia Ministry of Health and Indonesia Statistic Bureau. This research conducted to 108 samples but its analysis used all of samples which were success collected by 46 samples. Cases were patient groups with clinic symptom of malaria which have been diagnosed by a health worker, living in province of Indonesia and noted in Sub Directorate of Malaria, General Directorate of Infectious Disease Prevention and Environment Health, Indonesia Ministry of Health in 2000-2004. Data collecting was conducted on June 2006. Research variables are health service (primary health care), behavior (human resources quality) and environment (social economic, rural level, social demography and physic environment) related to the assessed effect (malaria occurrence in province of Indonesia, 2000-2004). Research result indicated that there was a medium relationship between primary health care (r=,335), human resources (r3,299), equity (r=0,504), district environment aspect (r),448), district host aspect (r),493), high population (r.1,440) and mosquito breeding places potency (r 0,326) variables with malaria occurrence in Indonesia, 2000-2004. The biggest variable related to malaria occurrence in Indonesia, 2000-2004 was proportion variable of district environment aspect with equity model of malaria occurrence proportion = 2,316 + 0,628 (proportion of primary health care) + 0,396 (proportion of human resources) + 0,037 (proportion of equity) - 0,335 (proportion of district environment aspect) -- 1,074 (proportion of mosquito breeding places potency). Each primary health care has a malaria eradication program which running their job actively on cases invention, eradication, prevention and counseling of malaria. Therefore, improvement of health service factor (proportion variable of primary health care) followed by proportion degradation of malaria occurrence.
Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di wilayah timur Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di Tanah Papua berdasarkan data Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional analitik dengan pendekatan kasus dan non-kasus. Data berasal dari SKI 2023 yang mencakup 37.036 responden dari wilayah Papua. Kasus didefinisikan sebagai individu yang mengalami malaria dalam
Malaria remains a public health issue in eastern Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with malaria incidence in Tanah Papua based on data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (SKI 2023). The study employed an analytical cross-sectional design with a case and non-case approach. The data were drawn from SKI 2023 and included 37,036 respondents from the Papua region. A malaria case was defined as an individual who had experienced malaria within the past month. Analyses were conducted using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods with logistic regression to calculate the Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR). The malaria prevalence was recorded at 4.80%. Factors significantly associated with malaria incidence included education level, type of occupation, household size, and interactions between age and sex, ventilation and bed net use, as well as age and mosquito repellent use. The strongest association was observed in the interaction between age and sex, in which males aged over 46 years had 2.85 times higher odds of having malaria compared to female children under five years. Malaria incidence in Tanah Papua remains high and is influenced by a complex interplay of individual characteristics and environmental factors, including preventive behaviors.
There are an estimated 120 million cases of pneumonia every year worldwide, resultingin as many as 1.3 million deaths. Every year pneumonia is always ranked as the leadingcause of death of infants and toddlers in Indonesia. This study aims to determine thefactors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in infants (12-59 months) in DKIJakarta Province. The study used secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. The researchdesign used was cross sectional. The results showed the proportion of the incidence ofpneumonia in toddlers was 5.7%. There is no statistically significant relationship betweentoddler characteristics and mother characteristics with the incidence of pneumonia. Theproportion of pneumonia is higher in toddlers aged 25-59 months (OR = 1.852), male(OR = 1.2), complete measles immunization status (OR = 1,448), complete DPT-HB-HiBimmunization status (OR = 1.069), complete vitamin A status (OR = 1.189), and havehighly educated mothers (OR = 1.779). Therefore it is necessary to develop a pneumoniaprevention program for toddlers based on these risk factors, as well as counseling to thecommunity especially mothers and other closest people who is taking care of toddlersabout the symptoms and prevention of pneumoniaKey words:Pneumonia, toddlers, DKI Jakarta.
