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Indonesia telah menjadi pelopor dalam pengelolaan program jaminan kesehatan sosial (JKN) terbesar di dunia. Program ini diinisiasi sejak tahun 2011 berdasarkan Undang-Undang No 40 tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional dengan pencapaian kepesertaan JKN sebesar 96% terhadap jumlah penduduk pada Desember 2023. Cakupan kesehatan semesta sebagai salah satu upaya dalam program JKN tidak hanya berkaitan dengan kepesertaan, tetapi juga mencakup manfaat yang diterima serta mekanisme pembiayaannya. Ekuitas sebagai salah satu asas dalam memenuhi persyaratan Universal Health Coverage (UHC) masih menjadi masalah dalam pelaksanaan program JKN ini, hal ini terlihat dari data grafik yang dianalisa oleh Ascobat Gani pada tahun 2019 bahwa masih terjadi disparitas yang sangat signifikan antara wilayah propinsi di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melakukan analisis terhadap faktor dari sisi penyedia atau supply side yang mempengaruhi terjadinya disparitas pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan pada fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama program JKN. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder BPJS Kesehatan, dan data publikasi dari Kementrian Keuangan dan Kemntrian Dalam Negeri serta Badan Pusat Statistik. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat dengan menggunakan metode regresi linier berganda. Secara statistik, pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan ditingkat pertama dipengaruhi sebesar 30% oleh kondisi geografis melalui alat ukur status keterpencilan Desa melalui variabel Skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM), dan kondisi sosioekonomi melalui alat ukur kapasitas fiskal dan persentase Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap APBD kabupaten dan kota. Skor IDM dan Persentase PAD terhadap APBD secara signifikan berpengaruh positif sedangkan rasio kapasitas fiskal daerah secara signifikan berpengaruh negatif dengan nilai signifikansi P < 0,05 terhadap kontak rate kunjungan rawat jalan tingkat pertama
Indonesia has become a pioneer in managing the largest social health insurance (JKN) program in the world. This program was initiated in 2011 based on Law No. 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System with the achievement of JKN membership of 96% of the total population in December 2023. Universal health coverage as one of the efforts in the JKN program is not only related to membership, but also includes the benefits received and the financing mechanism. Equity as one of the principles in fulfilling Universal Health Coverage (UHC) requirements is still a problem in the implementation of the JKN program. This can be seen from graphic data analyzed by Ascobat Gani in 2019 that there are still very significant disparities between provincial regions in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to conduct an analysis of factors from the provider side or supply side that influence disparities in health service utilization in first level health facilities of the JKN program. This research uses secondary data from BPJS Kesehatan, and published data from the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Home Affairs as well as the Central Statistics Agency. Data were analyzed univariately, bivariately and multivariately using multiple linear regression methods. Statistically, the utilization of health services at the first level is influenced by 30% by geographical conditions through measuring village remoteness status through the Village Development Index Score (IDM) variable, and socio-economic conditions through measuring fiscal capacity and the percentage of Regional Original Income (PAD) to the district APBD and city. The IDM score and the percentage of PAD to APBD have a significant positive effect, while the regional fiscal capacity ratio has a significant negative effect with a significance value of P < 0.05 on the contact rate of first level outpatient visits.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran jaminan kesehatan dan determinan yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan oleh penyandang disabilitas di Indonesia pada tahun 2021 menggunakan data Susenas Maret 2021. Variabel terikat penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan rawat jalan dan rawat inap di FKTP dan FKRTL. Data dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat dengan metode Binary Regression menggunakan model logit. Diketahui variabel kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan, pemanfaatan JKN, jenis disabilitas, tingkat keparahan disabilitas, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, status pekerjaan, status kawin, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, dan karakteristik tempat tinggal serta status ekonomi berpengaruh signifikan pada pemanfaatan layanan rawat jalan dan rawat inap (p-value 0,000 <0,005). Kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan non JKN atau kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan ganda (JKN dan non JKN) meningkatkan peluang pemanfaatan layanan baik rawat inap maupun rawat jalan. Terjadi penurunan kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan terhadap peningkatan status ekonomi penyandang disabilitas (propoor). Sebaliknya terjadi tren peningkatan pemanfaatan jaminan kesehatan terhadap peningkatan status ekonomi keluarga penyandang disabilitas (prorich).
This research aims to determine the role of health insurance and the determinants that influence the use of health services by people with disabilities in Indonesia in 2021 using Susenas data for March 2021. The dependent variable of this research is the use of outpatient and inpatient health services at FKTP and FKRTL. Data were analyzed bivariately and multivariately using the Binary Regression method using the logit model. It is known that the variables of ownership of health insurance, utilization of JKN, type of disability, severity of disability, gender, education, employment status, marital status, number of household members, and characteristics of residence and economic status have a significant effect on the utilization of outpatient and inpatient services ( p-value 0.000 <0.005). Ownership of non-JKN health insurance or ownership of dual health insurance (JKN and non-JKN) increases the chances of utilizing both inpatient and outpatient services. There has been a decrease in ownership of health insurance due to an increase in the economic status of people with disabilities (propoor). On the contrary, there is a trend of increasing use of health insurance towards increasing the economic status of families of people with disabilities (prorich).
Institutional delivery has an impact on decreasing maternal mortality. InIndonesia, institutional delivery increases every year, but there are still 30%-37%delivery at home. Unfortunately, the increase did not in line with maternalmortality reduction so that Indonesia did not achieve the fifth MDGs goal. Inorder to achieve Universal Health Coverage, Indonesia implemented JaminanKesehatan Nasional (JKN) for all. JKN integrated four types of health insurance.One of its benefits is maternal health services. Health insurance can addressfinancial barriers on delivery in health facility.Using secondary data of Riskesdas 2013 and Podes 2011, the study aims toinvestigate the effect of health insurance on institutional delivery in Indonesia.The estimation of the effect used probit and bivariate probit models to take intoaccount the issue of endogeneity of health insurance.The result found that health insurance tends to increase institutional delivery by39.52%. Furthermore, the increase is expected to reduce maternal mortality.Keywords: Health insurance, Institutional delivery, Probit, Bivariate probit.
Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pemanfaatan dana Program Jaminan Pemelihaan Keluarga Miskin (JPK-Gakin) di Puskesmas sudah sesuai dengan peruntukannya atau tidak, dan bagaimana pengaruh kebijakan yang berlaku.
Disain : Penelitian ini adalah riset evaluasi (evaluative research). Populasi adalah 27 Puskesmas yang menyampaikan Laporan Pelaksanaan Kegiatan dan Keuangan PKPS BBM Bidang Kesehatan kepada Dinas Kesehatan kota Depok untuk tahun 2004, yang secara purposif di pilih 6 (Enam) puskesmas yang merupakan sample penelitian. Enam Puskesmas yang di pilih adalah 3 (tiga) Puskesmas dengan jumlah Keluarga miskin (Gakin) tertinggi dan 3 (tiga) Puskesmas dengan jumlah Keluarga miskin (Gakin) terendah di kota Depok, dan di lakukan kajian pada data sekunder yang bersifat kuantitatif, serta di lakukan penelusuran kepada data primer (wawancara, dan diskusi dengan pihak puskesmas) yang bersifat kualitatif. Pengolahan data kuantitatif menggunakan analisis univariat, analisis bivariat (uji T Independent).
Hasil : penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan dana pada jenis pelayanan kesehatan dasar (yankesdas) dan revitalisasi posyandu (revipos) tidak terkait dengan jumlah keluarga miskin (gakin) yang terdaftar pada masing-masing puskesmas, karena sebagian besar pemanfaatan dana dialokasikan kepada biaya yang bersifat non pelayanan medis kepada pasien Jaminan Pemeliharaan Keluarga Miskin (JPK-Gakin). Sementara untuk persalinan, di ketahui bahwa dari laporan yang di sampaikan oleh masing-masing puskesmas kepada Dinas Kesehatan kota Depok masih belum sesuai dengan standar cost yang ditetapkan untuk setiap ibu bersalin (bulin) dari keluarga miskin yang di tolong bidan, yakni Rp. 200.000,-.
Kesimpulan : Dalam analisa kesesuaian pemanfaatan dana kesehatan program JPK-Gakin untuk Pelayanan Rawat Jalan Tingkat Pertama (RJTP) pada 6 (Enam) Puskesmas di kota Depok tahun 2004, masih belum sesuai dengan kebijakan yang di tetapkan, proporsi kunjungan terhadap jumlah peserta keluarga miskin (gakin) pada masing-masing puskesmas belum optimal, hal ini di tunjukkan oleh adanya perbedaan yang signifikan expenditure per unit kunjungan untuk pelayanan kesehatan dasar pada masing-masing puskesmas yang di teliti.
Kata Kunci : RJTP, JPK-GAKIN, Expenditure, Yankesdas, Revipos, riset evaluasi.
Background : First Level Outpatient Services provided by a community health center are Primary Health Care (Yaskandes), giving birth services, and revitalization of community-based integrated service posts (Posyandu) (Revipos). The proportion of poor family visit to the number of poor families registered at each community health center and the policies established are expected to be related to the utilization of the Poor Family Care Guarantee Program (JKP-Gakin) health funds for first level outpatient services in the health centers. This is revealed by the research on Analysis of the Conformity of Health Fund Utilization of Poor Family Care Guarantee Program for First Level Outpatient Services at six community health centers in Depok, in 2004.
Aim : This research is aimed at knowing whether the utilization of the fund at health centers has conformed to what it is meant for or not, and how the policy influences are.
Design : This research is an evaluative research. The population is 27 community health centers giving the Report of Activity Implementation and Subsidy Reduction Compensation Program Finance (PKPS BBM) in health to Health Office in Depok in 2004. Six community health centers were purposively selected as research samples. Three of the health centers are the highest poor family number's health centers and the rest are the lowest in Depok. The secondary data were analyzed quantitatively, while the primary one (interview, discussion with health center personnel) were studied qualitatively. The quantitative data were processed using univariate and bivariate analyses (Independent T test).
Result : The results show that the fund utilization for Primary Health Care and revitalization of community-based integrated service posts is not related to the number of poor families registered in each health center because the funds are mostly allocated to finance non-medical services for poor family care guarantee outpatients. Meanwhile, for giving birth, it was known from reports given by each of the health centers to Depok Health Offices that the utilization has still not conformed to the standard cost determined for every giving birth mother of poor families helped by midwives, namely Rp 200,000.
Conclusion : Hence, it is concluded that the utilization of the health funds has not complied with the policy determined; the proportion of visit to the number of poor family participants at each health center has not been optimum. This is indicated by significant difference of expenditure per unit of visit for primary health care at every community health centers studied.
Utilization of health services have an influence in improving the healthstatus of the elderly. The number of elderly people in Indonesia in 2012 is the fifthlargest in the world and when compared with 1990 that number is projected to beincreased 414% by the year 2025, but the level of utilization of health services inthe Indonesian elderly is the lowest among Southeast Asian countries, while themorbidity of elderly in 2005 is 29.98% and increased in 2007 which reached31.11%.This study is a secondary data analysis of Susenas Panel in 2012 which isa quantitative study with cross-sectional design and the use of chi square test. Thisstudy aims to look at the determinant related to the utilization of health services inoutpatient (RJTP / RJTL) and hospitalization in the sick elderly in Indonesia. Theunit of analysis is the elderly aged ≥ 60 years who had health complaintsThe analysis showed that the utilization of health services is very low inthe sick elderly because still many elderly with health complaints but does notutilize health services (unmet need), factors related to the utilization of outpatienthealth services first level (RJTP): education, ownership health insurance,economic status, variable urban / rural, impaired activity; while in outpatientsettings (RJTL) ie: marital status, education, occupation, ownership healthinsurance, economic status, urban / rural and impaired activity; in the facility ofhospitalization (ranap): education, ownership health insurance, economic status,impaired activity.Suggestions of this study is to increase the utilization of health services atthe health center, it is expected that continuous socialization to the communityabout the importance of elderly health maintenance, improving access to healthcare information for the elderly, encourage the Central and Local Government toprovide budget support in providing health care facilities in accordance with theconditions of the elderly such as home care service, add and strengthend theequity of health personnel trained in handling elderly, expanding health insurancecoverage that ensures the entire cost of treatment of the elderly including elderlywith multipatologis case, encourage central and regional government to socializethe doctors at first level health services such as health centers, physician practices,so that the health personel at the first level better understand the concept andapplication of the Social Security System.Key words :Utilization of health services, unmet need, Susenas Panel 2012
Indonesia's health development geared to achieve national health insurance scheme (JKN).However, funding of health in Indonesia is still dominated by domestic funding through out-of-pocket (OOP). Catastrophic health expenditure of households will disrupt householdconsumption and can lead to poverty. By using secondary data of the National Social Surveys(Susenas) 2012, this study aims to prove health insurance ownership lowers catastrophic healthexpenditure of households in Indonesia in 2012. This study used a cross-sectional study designwith models probit and bivariate probit. The results found that the health insurance ownershiplowers catastrophic health expenditure in the amount 12.97% at the threshold 10% of totalexpenditure and 18.42% at 20% of total non-food expenditure. Health insurance ownershipprovides protection for catastrophic health expenditure in Indonesia in 2012.Keywords: Health insurance, Catastrophic health expenditure, Probit, Bivariate probit, Susenas.
Kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan. Di Provinsi Jambi orang yang memiliki asuransi kesehatan dan memanfaatkan sarana layanan kesehatan masih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan persentase nasional asutansi kesehatan baru mencapai 33% dari jumlah penduduk, sedangkan yang memanfaatkan sarana layanan keseha1an rawat jalan baru mencapai 34,70% dan rawat inap baru mencapai 2,25%. Selain kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor lain seperti, jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, wilayah tempat tinggal (kota/desa) dan keluhan kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan di Propinsi Jambi mempengaruhi pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan untuk rawat jalan dan rawat inap, baik milik pemerintah maupun swasta. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder hasil Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2006 dengan menggunakan kuesioner VSEN2006.K. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah penduduk Propiosi Jambi, sedangkan sampel adalah semUa individu yang diwawancarai atau yang di data oleh petugas pencacah. Untuk mengetahui hubungan masing-masing variabel digunakan uji bivariat, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat Uji statistik yang diperlukan pada analisis bivariat digunakan uji kai kundrat dan uji T, sedangkan untuk uJi analisis multivariat memakai uji regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor kepemilikan asuransi kesenatan, kelompok umur, wilayah (kota/desa), dan ke1uhan sakit berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan rawat jalan. Untuk rawat inap faktor yang berhubungan adalah kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan, kelompok umur, wilayah (kota/desa), keluhan sakit dan pendapatan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar pemerintah memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang merata, memberikan perhatian yang serius terhadap asuransi untuk orang miskin di Propinsi Jambi, baik dari segi pendataan maupun pendanaan.
Health insurance has influence on utilizalion of health care facilities in Jambi Province. Persentage of people who had health insurance and have utilized health care facilities were lower than national percentage. Health insurance covered only 33% in Jambi and only 34,7% of them have utilized out patient care, 2,25% of them have utilized in patient care of health centres. Bisides health insurance, health care utilization are influenced by other factors such: as sex, age, education, employment status, income, geogrofiphic (urban/rural) and symptoms illness. This research was designed as cross sectional study, aimed to know whether health insurance ownership in Jambi Province influenced the utilization of public or private health care centres, for out patient care and inpatient care. This research used data from the 2006 Nasional Socioeconomic Survey, called Susenas, Only data from questioner VSEN 2006.K was used in this research. Populations of the research was an people in Jambi province. All individuals interviewed in Susenas were enrolled as samples in this research. Bivariate analysis was to fird the relationship among variables. Those variables were then analyzed by multivariate analysis. Statistical test that was used for bivariate analysis were chi-square test and T-test, and test for multivariate analysis were logistic regretion test, The research findings found that factors such health insurance ownership, age, geographic (urband/rural), symptom of illness were related to outpatient health care. Utilization of inpatient hearth care were related to health insurance ownership, age, geographic (urband/rural), symptom of illness, and income. The findings of this research recommended government to increase equity in health care services, to give great intentios in health insurance for the poor in Jambi Province especia1ly in collecting data of the poor and funding system.
