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Kata Kunci : Kawat kasa, Kelambu, Kejadian Malaria.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that lives in the bloodthrough the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is still a problem inIndonesia since 2015 the total number of 217.025 of malaria cases. In 2015,Lampung province has the most number of cases after Papua, East Nusa Tenggara,West Papua, Maluku, North Sumatera amount of positive 3,991 cases in which theDistrict Pesawaran a malaria endemic districts. The main purpose of this study wasto determine the relationship of behavior and breeding places on the incidence ofmalaria after controlling for potential confounders. This study is a case-controlstudy with a sample size of 180 respondents, with 60 cases and 120 controls aged≥ 15 years, using incident data. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, stratificationand logistic regression. After adjusting confounding variables installation of wirenetting significant relationship with the incidence of malaria (OR : 3,15 ; 95% CI :1,099-9,074; p = 0,033). Out of the house at night, insect repellent, use of mosquitonets, mosquito breeding places and distances breeding places are not relationshipwith the incidence of malaria. Age is a modification effect on the relationshipbetween the use of mosquito nets and malaria. The people should take steps toprevent the installation of wire netting perform at every home ventilation and closeany holes in the walls of houses that potentially could enter and use mosquitonetting when sleeping at night. The people should take steps to prevent malaria bydoing the installation of wire netting at each home ventilation and close any holesin the walls of houses that potentially could enter and use mosquito netting whensleeping at night
Kata Kunci : Wire Netting, Mosquito Net, Malaria.
Faktor manusia (host) yang pcnling dalam pcnccgahan malaria adalah Faklor perilaku, seperti perilaku pencegahan dan pencarian pengobatan. Salah satu Faktor pencegahan malaria berkaitan dengan pcngcmbangan program kelambunisasi adalah keteraturan masyarakat untuk tidur mcnggunakan kelambu sepanjang malam. Penelitian ini bertujuan umuk mengetahui hubungan menggunakan kclambu dengan kejadian malaria, clengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor: umur, jenis keiamin, pendidikan, waktu bekerja, pengetahuan tentang malaria, penyuluhan lcelambu, kecukupan kelambu, lama tinggal, pemilikan temak besar, obat anti nyamuk, kassa, dan alat pellndung diri keluar mlam. Penelitian ini dilalcsanakan di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, dengan pertimbangan prevalensi klinis malaria di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan sangat fluktuatifl yaitu ll,5%0 tahun 2000, cenderung meningkat menjadi l3,65%¢ pada tahun 2003 dan menurun kembali menjadi ll,3%¢ di tahun 2004, scdangkan pada tahun 2005 kcmbali turun mcnjadi 9,67_ disamping, itu program kelambunisasi baru bcrjaan, lokasi pcnelitian adalah salah salu puskesmas lercndcmis di Kabupatcn Lampung Selalan, yaitu Puskcsmas Hanura. Berdasarkan pcnelitian ini didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara menggunakan kelambu dengan kejadian malaria, dimana respondcn yang tidak mcnggunakan kelambu berisiko 4,82 kali terkena malaria dibandingkan dengan responden yang leralur tidur menggunakan kclambu. Faktor resiko yang berpotensi menjadi konfounder sehubungan dengan keteraturan tidur mcnggunakan kelambu dengan kejadian malaria adalah pengetahuan responden tentang cara pencegahan malaria dan status penyuluhan tentang kelambu yang dilerima oleh responden. Respondcn yang tidak tahu cara pencegahan malaria berisiko 6,64 kali dibanding responder; yang tahu tentang cara pencegahan malaria. Variabcl umur responden kelompok muda < 15 tahun beresiko terkena malaria pemah menerima pcnyuluhan kelambu akan terlindungi dari malaria 2,37 kali dibandingkan dengan responden yang beumur > 15 tahun. Berdasarkan penclitian ini diketahui menggunakan kelambu sangal mcmpengamhi keberhasilan program pengendalian malaria jika dilaksanakan dcngan mempertimbangkan upaya pcningkatan pcngetahuan masyarakat temang pencegahan malaria Serta manfaat penggunaan kelambu. Oleh karcna itu kiranya perlu dilakukan penyuluhan ulang temang manfaal penggunaan kclambu dalam pcnccgahan tcrjadinya pcnularan malaria, karcna berdasarkan penclilian ini hal tersebut dapat mcningkalkan cakupun pcnggunaan kelambu di masyarakul.
An important human factor in malaria prevention activities is behavioral factor, such as prevention behavior and care seeking. One of prevention factor of malaria which is related with bednets program is the using of bednets by the community during night-rest time. This research aims to determine correlation between the using ot' bednets by the community with malaria incidence in Hanura Health Centre, South Lampung District. The correlation will be considered to variables, which are age groups, gender, educational level, working hours, the community knowledge regarding malaria prevention, health education, length stay, ownership of cattle, mosquito coils, kassa, the using of self protection clothes during night time. The prevalence of clinical malaria in South Lampung District is fluctuated, from ll.5%o in 2000 to l3.65%o in 2003 and decreases to ll.3%a in 2004 and 9.67%o in 2005. The location of this study is Hanura Health Centre due to thc most endemic malaria condition of this health center in South Lampung District. This research finds that there is statistical significant relationship between the using of bednets by the community with malaria incidence. Non using bednets group risks 4.67 times to have malaria infection compare to using bednets group. Confounder risk factors are knowledge of the community regarding malaria prevention efforts and health education to use bednets. Lack knowledge of malaria prevention respondents risk 6.64 times compares to good knowledge of malaria prcvcntion respondents. Responden age group is risk factor for malaria incidence. Age group responden < I5 years more risk 2,32 times compare to age group 2 IS years. In conclusion, successful bednets distribution program in malaria control activities should be followed with increasing the knowledge of malaria prevention among the community and increasing health education to use bednets. Therefore, malaria control program in South Lampung District should continue malaria health education program on regular basis for the community in Hanura Health Centre. The message could consist of malaria prevention activities and the using ofbednets.
Latar belakang : Keberhasilan pembangunan suatu bangsa ditentukan olch ketcrsediaan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) yang berkualitas. Unioef tahun 2000, mcnyatakan adanya bukti empiris yang menunjukkan bahwa hal tezsebut sangat ditentukan oleh status gizi. Semakin muda usia seozang anak untulc rnenderita gizi kurang, maka semakin bel-at akibat yang ditimbulkan. Dimana kemunduran mental yang diakibatkan oleh keadaan gizi kurang yang berat dapat bersifat pennanen, akan tetapi pada keadaan gizi kurang yang ringan maupun sedang kecenderungan kemunduran mental dapat dipulihkan, semenjak dengan bertambah baiknya keadaan gizi danlingklumgan anak dibesarkan. (I-lusaini, 1986, Jalal, 1998 dan Azwar, Azrul. 2004). Metodologi : Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan desain kohort retrospektifi Jumlah sampel kesehuuhan adalah 1200 anak. Analisis kandidat model menggunakan chi-kwadrat, dan analisis untuk variabel independen yang masuk ke dalam model menggunakan uji regxesi logistik dan Mantel-Haenzel. Hasil dan Pembahasan : Hasil penelitian di pcngaruhi olch bias obsen/asi bersifat misklasiiikasi non dejizrensial yang under estimate, confounding, interaksi multipikatif positif dan chane variazion. Alcan tetapi penelitian ini sangat konsisten karena mendulcung beberapa penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya., seperti: Burd L., Hames (1988), Cook Jr (1993) dan Halterman (2001), serta tidak dimungkinkan untuk texjadinya temporal ambiguity, sehingga dapat diaplikasikan pada populasi yang eligible dan populasi sumber. Dampak poterisial yang timbul pada populasi untuk tcxjadinya prestasi belajar verbal yang rendah dapat dicegah sebesar 44% pada saat anak usia baduta dan 30% pada saat anak usia setelah baduta apabila dalam status gizi balk pada usia tersebut. Dan dampalc potensial yang timbul pada populasi untuk terjadinya prestasi belajar numerik yang rendah dapat dioegah sebesar 80% pada saat anak usia baduta dan 63% pada saat anak usia setelah baduta apabila dalam status gizi baik pada usia tersebut. Kesimpulan: Semakin dini seomng anak menderita gizl kurang, maka semakin berisiko untuk mengalami prestasi belajar yang rendah, seperti besamya risiko prestasi verbal yang rendah dapat texjadi pada anak yang memiliki gizi kurang pada saat usia baduta sebesar 6,5 kali, dan pada saat usia setelah baduta 5 kali dibanclingkan dengan anak yang memiliki gizi baik pada saat usia texsebut. Demikian pula besarnya risiko prestasi numerik yang rendah dapat teljadi pada anak yang memilil-Li gizi kumng pada saat usia baduta sebesar 25 kali, dan pada saat usia setelah baduta I5 kali dibandingkan dcngan anak yang memiliki gizi baik pada saat usia tersebut. Prestasi verbal sangat dipengaruhi oleh kodisi (iluktuasi) status glzi individu sepanjang hayatnya. Suatu hal yang agak berbeda te1jadi pada prestasi numerik, dimana status gizi pada saat usia balita saja yang telihat berpengaruh.
Background : The successful development of one’s nation is determined by availability of qualified human resources. UNICEF in 2000 said that there was empirical proof that those qualifications are detemained by nutritional status. The younger children get malnutrition, the heavier impact will be gotten by the children. The condition will be much heavier if the malnutrition starting to occur in fetus in the pregnancy. Mental retardation caused by severe malnutrition could be permanent, but if it happens in mild or moderate malnutrition it could be cured, as the nutritional status and environment where the children grow is getting better. (Husaini, 1986, Jalal, 1998 and Azwar, Azml. 2004). Methodology : This study was an analytical study with retrospective cohort design. Total sample in this study was 1200 children. Model candidate analysis used Chi Square, and analysis for independent variables to enter the model used logistic regression and Mantel-Haenzel. Result and Discussion : The result of the study was influenced by observational bias, which is non deferential rnisclassiiication that could be underestimated the result, positive multiplicative interaction, and chance variation. Thus, the result of this study was very consistent; because it supports prior study conducted by Burd L. Harnes (1988), Cook Jr (1993) and I-laltennan (2001), and also it is not by any chance temporal ambiguity could be happened, so the result of this study could be generalized to eligible population and source population. Potential impact that occurs in the population to have low verbal accomplishment which could be prevent was 44% if the nutritional status constantly good in children age less than 2 years and 30% if the nutritional status is good in children aged more than 2 years. Moreover, potential impact that occurs in population to prevent low numeric accomplishment which could be prevent is 80% if the nutritional status constantly good in children age less than 2 years and 63% if the nutritional status is good in children age more than 2 years. Conclusion : The younger a child get nutritional deiiciency, the bigger risk he will have low study accomplishment, such as the risk to have low verbal accomplishment could be happen in children age less than 2 years who has malnutrition is 6.5 times, and in children age more than 2 years the risk is 5 times than children in the same age 'with good nutritional status. Moreover, the risk to have low numeric accomplishment in children age less than 2 years is 25 times, and in children age more than years, the risk is I5 times than the children in the same age with good nutritional status. Verbal score was very influenced by condition or fluctuation of nutritional status of a person all his life. A little difference &om that, numeric score only being influenced by a person's nutritional status in his first five years of life
Malaria is still one of the leading public-health problems that can cause death primarily in high-risk groups, namely, infants, toddlers, and expectant mothers. In addition, malaria directly causes anemia and can lower labor productivity. In 2010, in Indonesia, 65% of endemic districts were at risk of contracting malaria. By 2020 there are 515 cases of malaria in Batu Bara, and by 2021 rising to 952. The purpose of this study is to know the risk factors in the incidence of malaria in the Batu Bara. It uses a case-control design. The responders are 12 years of age and above where the cases are those who visit the health center with fever symptoms and positive malaria and controls are those with symptoms of a fever with a malaria negative. From multivariat analysis involving all risk factors simultaneously, there is a significant variable affecting the incidence of malaria that is both the age and the existence of a cattle cage. According to the age category, it shows 12-17 year old respondents with the highest risk of contracting malaria (AOR = 3.85; 1.40-10.59) by those ages 18-40 (AOR= 1.79; 070-4.58). Those who claim that there is a corral in the neighborhood, having a three times greater risk of contracting malaria than those who not.
