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This study discusses fire evacuation strategies using three-dimensional (3D) modeling in the Jakarta International Stadium (JIS) building. Evacuation simulations can now be conducted through computerized modeling, which serves as an effective engineering approach to assess the feasibility of evacuation systems during fire emergencies. Such modeling must be supported by a fundamental understanding of evacuation facilities that play a vital role in facilitating safe and effective evacuation processes. As a multifunctional public facility frequently used for mass events such as football matches and music concerts, stadiums inherently carry a high fire risk. Therefore, this study employed the Pathfinder software to perform 3D evacuation simulations and analyze occupant movement during emergency scenarios within the stadium. The simulation required input data related to both the building structure and occupant characteristics. The simulation results showed a total evacuation time of 4 minutes and 53 seconds for the east and west stands, accommodating a total of 1,640 people. In addition, this research also assessed the level of compliance of the stadium’s evacuation facilities with applicable standards. The assessment revealed a 100% compliance rate, which falls into the “Good (B)” category, indicating that the evacuation infrastructure at Jakarta International Stadium meets the relevant safety and regulatory requirements.
This thesis discusses fire evacuation strategies using a three-dimensional (3D) modeling approach at three hospitals owned by PT X, located in Balikpapan, Tarakan, and Makassar. Currently, emergency evacuation processes can be analyzed using computer-based simulation software that realistically models individual movement dynamics during emergencies. This approach serves as an effective engineering method to assess the extent to which a building supports evacuation during a fire event. To ensure simulation accuracy, a comprehensive understanding of evacuation support facilities is essential, particularly in healthcare settings where occupants often have limited mobility and higher vulnerability. Hospitals, as healthcare facilities, present a high level of fire risk due to their structural complexity and the mobility limitations of patients. This study utilized 3D evacuation modeling through Pathfinder software to simulate occupant movement in emergency scenarios. The simulation was based on building specifications and occupant characteristics, including scenarios involving the evacuation of non-ambulatory patients using beds. The results indicate that critical areas such as intensive care units (ICUs) and inpatient wards recorded Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) that exceeded the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), suggesting a potential failure in evacuation without strategic improvements. In addition, the study evaluated the compliance level of evacuation facilities with technical standards and regulations. The findings showed that the three hospitals achieved an average compliance score of 81.3%, categorized as “Good.” However, deficiencies were found in essential aspects such as the absence of ramps and fire lifts for evacuating non-ambulatory patients. This study highlights the need for more adaptive evacuation planning through improved preparedness of medical personnel, the application of progressive horizontal evacuation, and the enhancement of supporting infrastructure.
Kata kunci: Sistem proteksi kebakaran aktif, sistem proteksi kebakaran pasif, sarana penyelamatan jiwa, manajemen kebakaran, gedung D3 Asrama Haji X
This study discusses about the analysis of fire protection systems, means of escapefacilities, and fire management in Hajj X Building. The design of this study is adescriptive analytic with qualitative approach. The objects of this study are active andpassive fire protection systems, means of escape facilities, and fire management in D3Hajj X Building. Data collection is obtained by observation, interviews and documentreview, and using instruments in the form of checklist. Data analysis is performed bycomparing the actual conditions with NFPA, Permen PU No. 26 tahun 2008, Permen PUNo 20 tahun 2009, and Perda DKI Jakarta No 8 tahun 2008 standards. The final result ofthe data is a percentage of the level of compliance with the applicable standards andregulations. The final results showed an average of 34,2% fulfillment of the fire protectionsystem, means of escape facilities, and fire management in the D3 Hajj X Building. Thisshows that the D3 Hajj X Building has not met the requirements in applicable standards.
Key words:Active fire protection system, passive fire protection system, means of escape, firemanagement, D3 Hajj X Building.
Kondisi darurat adalah suatu kejadian yang luar biasa dan secara umum dapat rnendatangkan kerugian harta benda atau pun mengancam jiwa manusia. Suatu kejadian yang dapat memungkinkan terjadinya kondisi darurat antara lain kebakaran, bencana alam, banjir ancaman bom dan lain-lainnya. Mengingat karena keselamatan adalah kepentingan setiap orang maka setiap orang harus siap menghadapi keadaan darurat tersebut. Kebakaran merupakan salah satu keadaan darurat yang harus di waspadai, salah satu penyebab terjadinya kebakaran adalah belum diterapkannya Fire Safety Management secara efektif. Manajemen pengaman kebakaran (Fire Safety Management) merupakan kunci paling panting dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan bahaya kebakaran di tempat kerja, sekalipun dibandingkan dengan upaya yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Kebakaran. Tujuan penelitian tesis ini adalah membahas mengenai waktu yang diperlukan untuk melakukan evakuasi pada keadaan darurat yaitu kebakaran di sebuah Gedung Perkantoran X di Jakarta selatan dengan menggunakan pemodelan evacnet4. Pemodelan evacnet4 merupakan salah satu cara untuk melakukan prediksi mengenai kejadian kebakaran sehingga dampak yang ditimbulkan dari suatu kejadian kebakaran dapat ditanggulangi dengan sebaik-baiknya. Pemodelan evacnet ini menguraikan secara mendetail kondisi yang optimal dalam evakuasi untuk memperkecil waktu evakuasi penghuni gedung agar secepat mungkin dapat dilakukan evakuasi. Hasil dari pemodelan evacnet ini dapat dijadikan saran dan masukan bagi pengelola gedung untuk memperbaiki sistem tanggap darurat yang ada sehingga apabila terjadi kebakaran waktu evakuasi yang dibutuhkan tidak lama dan kerugian harta benda dan korban jiwa dapat dihindari.
Emergency conditions is a extremly condition, which can effect to human kind, and property damage. Circumtances which can lead to emergency condition are tire, natural disaster, bomb, etc. Knowing that safety is everybody concern, therefore every worker should prepare for emergency condition. Fire is one of emergency state which should be warned, because the lack of tire safety management appliance. Fire safety management is the effective key to prevent and overcome fire hazard in work place. Therefore, the objetive of this thesis is : Describing time/duration factor during evacuation on emergency situation, at X Office Building, South Jakarta, using evacnet 4 model. Evacnet 4 model is a tool that can be used to predict fire condition, in a way to reduce the impact. Evacnet model describes how to efficiently conduct the evacuation. The result of evacnet model can be used to develop and improve emergency response system in building, in purpose to minimize the duration during evacuation, and loss to human and property damage.
Kebakaran dapat terjadi dimana saja, bahkan di gedung sekolah yang memiliki tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran yang ringan. Oleh karenanya, perlu dilakukan suatu penelitian terhadap tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran pada setiap ruangannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi fungsi dan karakteristik ruangan, mengetahui tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran, kebutuhan fasilitas pencegahan dan penanggulangan kebakaran serta evakuasi di sekolah PRIBADI. Analisis tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran ini ditinjau dari fungsi dan karakteristik setiap ruangannya. Fungsi dari ruangan yang terdapat di sekolah PRIBADI dapat dibedakan menjadi 4, yaitu: ruangan kelas umum dan laboratorium, ruangan bukan kelas untuk administrasi dan bukan. Adapun, karakteristik ruangannya ditinjau dari aktivitas ruangan, fasilitas pendukung dan bahan dasarnya, pembatas ruangan dan bahan dasarnya, kapasitas ruangan, prakiraan kerugian material, dan jenis dokumen yang disimpan. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif yang membandingkan kondisi di lapangan berdasarkan abservasi dengan peraturan, standar yang berlaku, seperti lampiran no. 31 dan 32 dari keputusan menteri pekerjaan umum no.378/KPTS/1987. Analisis terhadap tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran dari setiap ruangan di sekolah PRIBADI adalah 33 ruangan kategori ringan, 13 ruangan kategori sedang dan 9 ruangan kategori berat. Berdasarkan tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran tersebut, maka fasilitas pencegahan dan penanggulangan kebakaran yang dibutuhkan adalah detektor kebakaran dan alat pemadam api ringan. Detektor rate of rise temperature dengan jenis pneumatic dapat dipasang pada lantai 1, 2, 3, 4 gedung A, dan lantai 3 gedung B yang befungsi mendeteksi kenaikkan temperature. Sedangkan, detektor nyala api jenis ultraungu dapat dipasang pada lantai 1, 2 gedung A dan lantai 1, 3 gedung B yang berfungsi mendeteksi nyala api. Alat pemadam api ringan yang dibutuhkan adalah jenis CO2 dengan volume maksimal 5 kg yang terdapat pada setiap lantai gedung A dan B. Gedung sekolah PRIBADI membutuhkan prosedur dan fasilitas evakuasi untuk dapat menyelamatkan penghuni gedung. Prosedur evakuasi yang dibutuhkan adalah prosedur umum dan jalur evakuasi. Sedangkan, fasilitas minimum evakuasi yang dibutuhkan adalah sumber daya listrik darurat, lampu darurat, bukaan penyelamatan dan penunjuk jalan keluar.
Fire can be happen anywhere, even at school which have a low risk } of fire risk rating. Therefore, a fire risk analysis is important to determine fire risk rate at school. Analysis about fire risk rating will be observed based on room characteristic and utilities. The objective of this research are to identify room characteristic and utilities, to determine based on room utility, risk fire rank every rooms, need analysis requirement of fire protection and prevention facility, also evacuation procedure for PRIBADI boarding school. PRIBADI boarding school has four different type room functions, there are: general class, laboratory class, administration and addition room. The room characteristic was observed based on room activity, equipments and base material, divider and base material, room capacity, loss property calculation and type of document at room. This research is qualitative study, based on comparative analysis between the existing conditions with a current Indonesia regulation. The Indonesia regulation was based on appendices number 31St and 32nd attached to Keputusan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum no.378/KPTS/1987. Results from fire risk analysis suggested that every room at PRIBADI boarding school are 33 room have high risk, 13 room medium risk and 9 room low risk_ Based on this fire risk analysis, the fire protection and prevention required in this facility are fire detector and fire extinguisher. Fire detector rate of rise temperature type with pneumatic system can be use on 1st, 2"d, 3rd, and 4th floor in building A, also on 3rd floor in building B with the function to detect rise temperature. Flame detector of ultraviolet can be use on 1St, and 2"d floor in building A, also on 15t, and 3"d in building B with the function to detect ignition. Type of fire extinguisher that PRIBADI boarding school needed is carbon dioxide with 5 kg volume in every floor. Indeed, PRIBADI boarding school needs a procedure and facility of evacuation; this would include the evacuation procedure and evacuation route. Other requirements of minimum facility are emergency power, emergency lamp, emergency exits and exits sign.
