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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that can be treated, and its consequences can be prevented or delayed through proper diet, physical activity, medication, as well as regular screening and treatment of complications. However, this disease is often diagnosed several years after onset, by which time complications and comorbidities may have developed, making it one of the top 10 causes of hospitalizations. This study aims to determine the effect of severity and comorbidity on the length of hospital stay among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in advanced referral health facilities (FKRTL) among BPJS Kesehatan participants in 2023, controlled for variables such as FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender. This research used 2023 BPJS Kesehatan sample data with a cross-sectional study design. The analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between severity and length of stay (p-value = 0.001), while comorbidities were not significantly associated with length of stay (p-value = 0.285). Moderate to severe severity and comorbidities with a CCI score of ≥1 were associated with a higher risk of prolonged hospitalization and a lower risk of short hospitalization compared to the ideal length of stay (RRR = 4.95; 95% CI = 0.82–29.85; RRR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29–0.72 | RRR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.25–4.92; RRR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.41–1.10). Multivariate analysis controlling for FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender showed that the association between severity and length of stay remained significant after controlling for FKRTL type and FKRTL ownership, while the association between comorbidity and length of stay remained insignificant even after adjusting for control variables. Efforts to enhance clinical early detection programs for the severity level and comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus are necessary to prevent prolonged hospital stays due to complications and disease severity, which contribute to a significant healthcare burden.
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 merupakan penyakit tidak menular dengan beban kesehatan tertinggi di Indonesia, dengan prevalensi yang meningkat hampir dua kali lipat dalam satu dekade, dari 6,9% (2013) menjadi 11,7% (2023), serta menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara dengan jumlah penderita diabetes tertinggi kelima di dunia (20,4 juta jiwa pada 2024). Penderita DM tipe 2 menghadapi risiko tiga kali lebih tinggi mengalami penyakit kardiovaskular dan sepuluh kali lebih tinggi mengalami penyakit ginjal, dengan beban biaya komplikasi yang mencakup sekitar 74% dari total biaya medis langsung yang ditanggung BPJS Kesehatan. Efektivitas program pencegahan seperti Prolanis sangat bergantung pada pemahaman mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempercepat terjadinya komplikasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesintasan komplikasi pasien DM tipe 2 peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) beserta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan tahun 2020 dengan desain studi kohort tertutup retrospektif dan masa pengamatan pada 2020—2025. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode Kaplan-Meier dan uji Cox Proportional Hazard. Hasil: Dari 2.704 pasien DM tipe 2 yang diikutsertakan, terdapat 54,1% kejadian komplikasi, dengan 4-year survival rate sebesar 0,473 (95% CI: 0,45–0,49) dan median time-to-event 3,639 tahun. Pada faktor sosiodemografi, faktor usia saat diagnosis secara signifikan memengaruhi survival rate (p = 0,041) walau perlu diinterpretasikan dengan kehati-hatian. Pada faktor klinis, pasien DM tipe 2 dengan hipertensi (p < 0,0001) dan dislipidemia (p < 0,0001) secara signifikan memiliki 4-year survival rate lebih rendah. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, faktor yang secara signifikan mempercepat kejadian komplikasi hipertensi (aHR=1,370; 95% CI: 1,231–1,525), dislipidemia (aHR=1,522; 95% CI: 1,363–1,647), sedangkan berumur ≥65 saat diagnosis (aHR=0,868; CI: 0,771 – 0,978) merupakan faktor protektif. Kesimpulan: Kesintasan komplikasi pasien DM tipe 2 peserta JKN di Indonesia masih tergolong rendah, dengan hipertensi dan dislipidemia sebagai determinan utama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian komorbiditas secara komprehensif, salah satunya melalui optimalisasi stratifikasi risiko dalam program Prolanis. Kata kunci: Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2, Analisis Kesintasan, Komplikasi, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Indonesia, with data from the Global Cancer Observatory 2022 recording 68,271 new cases, 209,748 cases in the last five years, and 22,598 deaths. The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients in Indonesia remains relatively low compared to other countries. Various factors, including individual factors and healthcare services, may affect patient survival. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients under the National Health Insurance (JKN) program and the factors influencing it. Methods: This study uses data from the BPJS Kesehatan sample from 2018 to 2023 with a retrospective cohort study design. The analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox Proportional Hazard test. Results: The study found a 5-year survival rate of 52.2% (95% CI: 46.4-58.7%), indicating a still-low survival rate. Individual factors that influenced survival were marital status (aHR = 1.632; 95% CI: 1.102 – 2.416), residence in Regional 4 (aHR = 2.230; 95% CI: 1.497 – 3.321), and the presence of one or more comorbidities (aHR = 1.498; 95% CI: 1.182 – 1.899). Meanwhile, healthcare provider-related factors influencing survival were severity level II (aHR = 5.566; 95% CI: 3.396 – 9.12) and severity level III (aHR = 11.118; 95% CI: 6.706 – 18.432). Conclusion: The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients in Indonesia remains low. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed to address breast cancer, involving the community, BPJS Kesehatan, and policymakers.
The neonatal period, the first 28 days of life, is the most critical phase for infant survival due to the high risk of mortality. According to SKI 2023, Indonesia ranks third for the highest neonatal mortality rate in Southeast Asia at 9.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. Recent data shows a significant increase, with neonatal deaths rising from 20,882 cases in 2022 to 29,954 in 2023. This study aims to identify factors associated with neonatal mortality among BPJS Kesehatan participants from 2015-2022. Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed BPJS Kesehatan data of newborns (0-28 days) visiting Advanced-Level Health Facilities (FKRTL). Results show that socioeconomic factors (economic status and residence) and neonatal factors (sex, age at visit, and birth weight) significantly correlate with neonatal mortality (p-value: 0,000). With low birth weight having a 4.1 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 4,1 95% CI: 3,74-4,55), then neonates who have visits at 0-7 days old have a 3.4 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 3,4 95% CI: 2,64-4,43), female neonates have a 0.8 times lower risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 0,8 95% CI: 0,74-0,88), and neonates who are outside of Java Island have a 1,3 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 1,31, 95% CI: 1,21-1,43) as well as neonates with poor economic status having a 1,8 times higher risk of experiencing neonatal death (OR: 1,89, 95% CI: 1,79-2,06).
Angka persalinan sesar (C-Section) senantiasa meningkat sebagaimana dilaporkan SDKI, Riskesdas, dan SKI. Persalinan C-Section merupakan layanan kesehatan yang dijamin oleh Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), dengan klaim terbanyak yaitu 1.117.463 operasi pada tahun 2023 dan total biaya Rp 6.266,59 Miliar. Pada tahun yang sama, Badan Pelaksana Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Kesehatan mengalami defisit. Di antara penyebabnya adalah kinerja penerimaan iuran dari Segmentasi Kepesertaan PBPU dan Bukan Pekerja yang hanya mencapai 69,29%. Hal ini diperparah sebagian oknum PBPU yang menunjukkan kecenderungan adverse selection, hanya membayar iuran agar dapat layanan persalinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis asosiasi segmentasi kepesertaan JKN dan metode persalinan dalam Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan 2018-2023 Kontekstual KIA. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan sampel Ibu yang mengakses layanan persalinan dengan pembiayaan JKN di Fasilitas Kesehatan Rujukan Tingkat Lanjut (FKRTL) pada data sekunder di atas. Hasil regresi logistik pada penelitian ini menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara Segmentasi Kepesertaan JKN PBPU dan CSection setelah dikendalikan kovariat (ref. PBI, OR=1,22 [1,14 - 1,30] dan ref. PPU, OR=1,12 [1,05 - 1,20]). Karena OR secara substansial tidak besar, peneliti menyarankan upaya umum tanpa segmen spesifik untuk mengatasi defisit BPJS Kesehatan, yaitu penggunaan kelengkapan kunjungan antenatal care sebagai mekanisme gatekeeping untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan persalinan dalam program JKN.
Cesarean section (C-Section) rate is continually increasing as reported in IDHS, Riskesdas, and SKI. Childbirth with C-Section is a healthcare covered by Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) with the highest number of claims reaching 1.117.463 surgeries in 2023 and total funding of Rp 6.266,59 billion. At the same year, deficit struck Indonesia’s Social Security Agent (BPJS) for Health. One of the causes is Non-Wage Earner and Non-Worker membership segment’s contribution collection only reaching 69,29% of target. The situation is exacerbated by certain Non-Wage Earner member showing signs of adverse selection, paying contributions only for childbirth. This study aims to analyze the association of JKN membership segment and childbirth method in BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data 2018-2023 on Maternal-Child Health Context. This is a cross-sectional study involving as samples mothers accessing childbirth services with JKN funding at advanced referral health facilities in said secondary data. Logistic regression results demonstrate significant association between Non-Wage Earner segment and C-Section after covariates are controlled (ref. Beneficiaries, OR=1,22 [1,14 - 1,30] and ref. Wage Earner, OR=1,12 [1,05 - 1,20]). As the OR not substantially high, general measures not catering to particular segment is suggested to address the deficit. Said suggestion being the establishment of antenatal care visit completeness as a gatekeeping mechanism to access childbirth funding with JKN program.
Preterm birth is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality in Indonesia. It significantly contributes to neonatal morbidity and mortality, thereby affecting the overall health indicators of the country. This study aims to identify the determinants of preterm birth in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. The data were obtained from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey using a cross-sectional study design. The study sample consisted of 32,288 ever-married women aged 10–54 years who had given birth in the last five years. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that antenatal care (ANC) visits, multiple pregnancies, hypertension, and antepartum hemorrhage were significant determinants of preterm birth in both urban and rural areas. Maternal age, premature rupture of membranes, and mode of delivery were only associated with preterm birth in urban areas, while placenta previa was only significant in rural areas. Multiple pregnancies were the most dominant factor associated with preterm birth in both settings.
Treatment adherence for tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major health challenges in TB control efforts in Indonesia. The proportion of TB patients adhering to treatment decreased from 69.2% in 2018 to 62.5% in 2023. In the DOTS strategy, one of the key efforts to improve treatment adherence is the presence of a Treatment Supervisor (Pengawas Menelan Obat or PMO). However, the proportion of TB patients with a PMO also declined from 66.2% to 62.1%. This study aims to examine whether the decline in PMO presence contributed to the decrease in treatment adherence among TB patients aged ≥15 years in Indonesia, using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia or SKI). The study design is cross-sectional, and analyses were conducted using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. The results showed a significant association between the presence of a PMO and treatment adherence (OR: 4.62; 95% CI: 2.39–8.93). After controlling for age, sex, education level, economic status, comorbid diabetes mellitus, and health insurance ownership, the presence of a PMO remained positively associated with adherence (AOR: 4.41; 95% CI: 2.18–8.90). These findings indicate that the presence of a PMO is relevant and essential for improving TB treatment adherence and success in Indonesia. The efforts to enhance patient adherence should also focus on optimizing the role and quality of PMO, whether from family members or healthcare providers.
