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Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan masalah kesehatan pertama pada sepuluh data penyakit terbesar di Desa Padabeunghar Kecamatan Jampangtengah Kabupaten Sukabumi. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya kegiatan industri kapur. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pajanan PM10 terhadap gangguan iritasi dan infeksi saluran pernapasan yang dialami oleh penduduk dengan menggunakan rancangan studi potong lintang (cross sectional). Sebanyak 30 RT terpilih sebagai cluster dan mencakup 334 penduduk sebagai responden. Analisis data menggunakan uji kai kuadrat dan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian diperoleh Konsentrasi PM10 0.017 – 1.101 mg/m 3 dengan rata- 3 rata 0.292 mg/m . Jumlah responden yang mengalami gangguan pernapasan 107 orang (32%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan antara Konsentrasi PM10 (p=0.0005), Intake PM10 (p=0.005), lama tinggal (p=0.029), bahan bakar memasak (p=0.044) dan anggota keluarga mengalami gangguan pernapasan (p=0.018) dengan gangguan saluran pernapasan penduduk. Hasil uji regresi logistik ganda model faktor risiko menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara konsentrasi PM10 udara ambien dengan gangguan saluran pernapasan nilai (OR=2.4 ; 95% CI : 1.168 – 5.078). Kata Kunci : Pencemaran udara, PM10 Udara Ambien, Penambangan Batu Kapur Tradisional, Gangguan Saluran Pernapasan
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is defined as the first health problem amongst the worst 10 health problems in Padabeunghar Village, Sub District of Jampangtengah in the regency of Sukabumi. It is due to the limestone industry activities in this area. This study was to perceive the relationship between the exposure of PM10 and respiratory irritation and infection, which was being suffered by the people, using Cross Sectional approach. As many as 30 neighbourhood associations had been selected as a cluster with 334 respondents. Chi Square and Double Logistic Regression Tests were used for data analysis. Experimental results showed that PM10 concentration ranged between 0.017 – 1.101 mg/m 3 with the average of 0.292 mg/m 3 . Number of respondents that were suffered respiration tract disorder is 107 (32%). The results showed the correlations amongst concentration of PM10 (p=0.0005), intake PM10 (p=0.005), exposure period (p=0.029), cooking fuel (p=0.044), and family members experiencing respiratory infections (p=0.018) with the respiration infected people. Double logistic regression test yields risk factor model OR=2.4 (95% CI: 1.168 – 5.078) for correlation between concentration of PM10 air ambient and respiration infections. Keywords: Air pollution, PM10 air ambient, traditional limestone mining, respiratory tract disorder
ABSTRAK Gangguan pernapasan merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada bayi/balita. Pembakaran batu kapur yang terletak di Desa Tamansari Kabupaten Karawang gangguan pernapasan masih menempati urutan teratas dari data 10 besar penyakit yang diderita oleh bayi/balita. Partikel debu dari proses pembakaran batu kapur merupakan salah satu pencemar terhadap udara lingkungan yang mempengaruhi konsentrasi PM10 dalam rumah yang berdampak buruk pada masalah gangguan pernapasan penghuni rumah termasuk bayi dan balita yang sangat rentan terhadap bahan pencemar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara konsentrasi PM10 dalam rumah dengan gangguan pernapasan pada bayi dan balita. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan studi crosssectional dengan besar sampel 130 bayi/balita. Data PM10 dan variabel lainnya dikumpulkan melalui pengukuran, interview dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan bermakna dengan gangguan pernapasan pada bayi/balita adalah PM10 dalam rumah (4,92; 2,25-10,74), ventilasi (2,62; 1,18-5,79), jenis dinding (2,33; 1,10-4,95), kelembaban (2,35; 1,10-5,04), suhu (2,44; 1,15-5,18), asap rokok (5,40; 1,74-16,75), dan pendidikan ibu (2,86; 1,16-7,07) dengan kejadian gangguan pernapasan. Disimpulkan bahwa Kelompok yang berisiko ( konsentrasi PM10 > 70 μg/m3) 13,42 kali berpeluang untuk mengalami gangguan pernapasan dibandingkan pada kelompok yang tidak berisiko (konsentrasi PM10 ≤ 70 μg/m3).
ABSTRACT Respiratory disease is a health problem that often occur on infants/young children. Limestone combustion located around the village of Tamansari, Karawang District and respiratory disease still tops the list of 10 diseases suffered by infants/young children. Dust particles from the process of limestone combustion is one of the environmental air pollutants that affect indoor PM10 concentration. This can adversely affect the respiratory disease inside the household, including infants/young children who are vulnerable to pollutants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the indoor PM10 concentration and respiratory diseases in infants/young children. Study design was cross-sectional, conducted on 130 infants/young children. PM10 and data of other variables collected through measurement, interviews and observation. The results showed that the variables significantly associated with respiratory diseases in infants/young children are indoor PM10 (4.92; 2.25-10.74), ventilation (2.62; 1.18-5.79), type of wall (2.33; 1.10-4.95), humidity (2.35; 1.10-5.04), temperature (2.44; 1.15-5.18), smoking family members (5.40 ; 1.74-16.75), maternal education (2.86; 1.16-7.07) with the occurrence of respiratory disease. Risk analysis shows that at-risk group (PM10 concentrations>70 μg/m3) are 13,42 times have the risk experiencing respiratory disorders than the non-risk group (PM10 concentrations ≤ 70 μg/m3).
This thesis discusses the description of ARI events and the determinants that influence it, such as PM10 temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, distance from home from industry, ventilation, occupancy density, cigarette smoke, intake, age, sex, nutritional status, immunization history, breast milk exclusively for children under five living in Sukadanau Village, West Cikarang District, Bekasi Regency. This study uses a cross sectional design by analyzing primary data, primary data from interviews and measurements of PM10, temperature, humidity, direction and wind speed in ambient air. Of the 13 variables studied that have a significant relationship are exclusive breastfeeding for ARI events in children under five with p which means that children under five who are not exclusively breastfed have the opportunity to experience ARI events. 3 times greater compared to children under five who are given exclusive breastfeeding. Based on this research it is recommended for residents who live around the steel industry to be able to increase immunity, because from the results of the study the concentration of PM10 from 8 points measured 37.5% does not meet the requirements. And there needs to be crosssectoral collaboration from the Health Office, the Environmental Office and the Bekasi District Government.
Abstrak
Potensi pencemar luar rumah (mis. industri meubel/kayu dan jalan raya) mempengaruhi kualitas udara dalam rumah, serta meningkatkan risiko ISPA pada anak balita. Di Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur ditemukan kasus ISPA sebesar 1.446 atau 17,55% dari total jumlah kasus. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran ISPA anak balita menurut kualitas udara dalam rumahnya di Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur tahun 2013. Besar sampel ditentukan menggunakan rumus Lemeshow (1997), dan didapat 120 sampel menggunakan teknik multistage sampling. Proporsi ISPA adalah sebesar 60%. Anak balita ISPA pada rumah dengan kualitas udara (PM10 dan NO2) tidak memenuhi syarat adalah sebesar 30 (83,3%) dan 71 (60,7%). Pada analisis multivariat, variabel ventilasi, penghuni rumah merokok, dan pemberian vitamin A, memiliki hubungan paling kuat dengan ISPA anak balita. Disimpulkan pajanan PM10 dengan konsentrasi tidak memenuhi syarat berhubungan dengan kejadian ISPA, disamping variabel ventilasi, penghuni rumah merokok, dan pemberian vitamin A yang berfungsi meningkatkan kekebalan terhadap kejadian infeksi pada anak balita. Perlu dilakukan upaya penyehatan perumahan/pemukiman, promosi kesehatan (kampanye anti rokok), serta pemberian suplemen vitamin A pada anak balita
Potential outdoor pollutant sources (eg. furniture/timber industry and roadway) can affect indoor air quality in house, and increase acute respiratory infection (ARI) risk in children under five. In Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur, found 1.446 ARI cases or 17,55% to its total cases. This research use a cross sectional design, which aim to picture children under five’s ARI by its indoor air quality in house in Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur, in 2013. Sample size was determined by Lemeshow (1997) equation, then 120 samples had choosen using multistage sampling. 60% ARI’s proportion was reported in this research. There was 30 (83,3%) and 71 (60,7%) of unmeet standart indoor air quality in house (PMjo and NO2), children under five with ARI was reported. House ventilation, smoker in house, and vitamin A suplementation, had more significant relationship with childrenunder five’s ARI incident according to multivariate analysis result. It conclude that unmeet standard PM10, have significant relationship with children under five ARI incident, beside house ventilation, smoker in house, andvitamin A suplementation which can increase children under five immunity to any infection. Due to the research results, it advisable to measure a housing health programme, anti smoking campaign (health promotion programme), and vitamin A suplementation fo children under five programme
