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Jatinegara Sub District is an area with the highest incidence of diarrhea in East Jakarta. Diarrhea prevalence on toddler in 2014 is 3525 (9,65%). Drinking water refill that have been contaminated Eschericia coli risk to cause diarrhea to toddler who consume it. The goal of this research is to identify relationship between Eschericia coli presence in drinking water refill and incidence of diarrhea on toddlers in Jatinegara Sub District in 2015. Design used of this research is cross sectional. Result of the research show that Eshericia coli in drinking water refill depot is p = 0,035; OR= 2,360, education level of mothers p=0,030; OR = 2,417, mother hand washing behaviour p=0,045; OR= 2,222. The conclusion of the research shows that there is significant relationship between Eschericia coli presence in drinking water refill depot, mother education level, mother hand washing behavior and incidence of diarrhea on toddlers in Jatinegara district in 2015. Keyword : Toddlers, Diarrhea, Drinking Water Refill Depot, Escherichia coli
Kata kunci: balita, coliform, diare, depot air minum isi ulang
Diarrhea is still an endemic disease in Indonesia and has the potential to become a frequent outbreak of death (Kemenkes, 2016). Cases of diarrhea in Kebumen District from year to year tend to increase. The prevalence of toddlers diarrhea in Kecamatan Kebumen is 111.1 per 1,000. Toddlers as a vulnerable population at risk of diarrhea when consuming contaminated refilled drinking water of coliform. This study aims to determine the relationship between coliform contamination at refill drinking water depot with toddlers consumer diarrhea in Kebumen sub district in 2017. The design of this study used a descriptive cross sectional study. Data collection by conducting interviews, observation, and examination of refill drinking water samples in the laboratory. The conclusion of this research is that there is no relation of coliform contamination to refill drinking water depot with diarrhea of toddlers. The variables associated with toddlers are hand washing behavior (0,05 OR=2,6), hygiene and food/drink sanitation of mother or toddler caregiver (p=0,02 OR=3,3), clean water facilities (p=0,004 OR=2,7), and waste management (p=0,03 OR=2,8). Coliform contamination at risk 7.8 times higher causes diarrhea occurrence after controlled age variable of mother or toddler caregiver, handwashing behavior, hygiene and food /drink sanitation, knowledge level, clean water facility, latrine facility, and garbage handling.
Key words: coliform, diarrhea, refill drinking water depot, toddler.
Sampai saat ini diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di kota Jakarta khususnya Kecamatan Koja Kota Jakarta Utara. Laporan penyakit diare di Kecamatan Koja selama tahun 2007 sebanyak 1.844 dengan Prevalen Rate (PR) sebesar 756 per 100.000 penduduk dan angka kematian (CFR) sebesar 0,9 %. Berdasarkan kelompok umur, angka kejadian diare untuk kelompok umur < 1 tahun sebesar 612, umur 1-4 tahun sebesar 708, umur 5 - 14 tahun sebesar 119, umur 15 - 44 tahun sebesar 222 dan umur ≥ 45 tahun sebesar 183. Data penyakit lain yang berhubungan dengan diare seperti campak ada 9 kasus, gizi buruk (malnutrisi) 201 kasus dan tiphus ada 393 kasus. Hasil pemeriksaan kualitas air secara bakteriologis pada bulan Februari 2007, dari 30 sampel air minum isi ulang diperiksa, 18 sampel (60%) tidak memenuhi syarat. Pada bulan November 2007, dari 7 sampel air minum isi ulang diperiksa semuanya dinyatakan memenuhi syarat, dari 12 sampel air PAM diperiksa, 4 sampel (33,33 %) tidak memenuhi syarat dan dari 11 sampel air hidrant diperiksa, 1 sampel (9,09 %) tidak memenuhi syarat. Ada kecurigaan bahwa penyebab terjadinya diare di Kecamatan Koja adalah kuantitas dan kualitas penyediaan air bersih dan air minum tidak memenuhi syarat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya hubungan antara kandungan E. coli pada air minum dengan diare pada balita sebagai bahan informasi perencanaan program penanggulangan dan antisipasi Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) diare di Kecamatan Koja. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Cross Sectional Study dengan melakukan observasional melalui pengukuran sesaat atau satu kali pada bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2008 terhadap variable independen yaitu kandungan E. Coli pada air minum dan variabel dependen yaitu kejadian diare pada balita dengan mengikutsertakan variabel perancu meliputi jenis kelamin, kelompok umur, status gizi, status imunisasi, ada tidaknya penyakit infeksi selain diare, minum pakai botol, kebiasaan cuci tangan, status ekonomi, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan, sumber air minum, sumber air bersih, tingkat risiko pencemaran dan kualitas jamban keluarga. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah tidak ada hubungan antara kandungan E.coli pada air minum dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Variabel yang ada hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian diare pada balita adalah penyakit infeksi selain diare dengan p value 0,001 dan odd rasio (OR) sebesar 5,241 (95 % CI: 2,146 - 12,800). Sedangkan variabel kelompok umur, status gizi, status imunisasi, minum pakai botol, kebiasaan cuci tangan, status ekonomi, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuanm, sumber air minum, sumber air bersih, tingkat risiko pencemaran dan kualitas jamban keluarga tidak ada hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Diharapkan adanya peningkatan frekuensi kegiatan promosi kesehatan tentang perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, meningkatkan cakupan kegiatan surveillans kasus diare dan penyakit lain seperti campak, malnutrisi, disentry, kecacingan dan tiphus serta surveillans faktor risiko. Perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut tentang penyakit infeksi selain diare yang ada kaitannya dengan kejadian diare pada balita.
Diarrhea has become problem of public health in Jakarta, especially in Koja Sub District, North Jakarta. The report of diarrhea in North Jakarta in 2007 were 1.844 cases with PR 765 per 100.000 people and CFR 0.9%. The highest case of diarrhea happened in February and November 2007. By age group, the number of people suffering from diarrhea are : age group < 1 year : 612, age group 1 - 4 year : 708, age group 5 - 14 : 119, age group 15 - 44 year old : 222 and age group > 45 : 183. Any infectious diseases other than diarrhea such as measles or morbilli were 9 cases, malnutrition 201 cases and typhoid 393 cases. The result of bacteriological assessment of the water in 2007 indicated that 18 (60%) out of 30 samples of refilled drinking water didn`t meet requirement, 4 (33,4%) out of 12 samples of drinking water produced by drinking water enterprises didn`t meet requirement and 1 (9,09%) out of 11 samples of drinking water sampled through reservoir (hydrant) didn`t meet requirement. There`s assumption that the cause of diarrhea in Koja Sub district is related to the quality of clean water which doesn`t meet requirement bacteriologically and it is not sufficiently available. The aim of the research is to get to know the correlation between E.Coli in drinking water and diarrhea occurrence on toddlers as an information for planning of prevention and anticipation of diarrhea outbreak program in Koja Sub district. This research is Cross sectional study by observation through temporary measurement from April up to May 2008 on independent variable which is E.Coli in drinking water and dependent variable which is diarrhea occurrence by considering other variables which are : age group, nutrition status, any infectious diseases other than diarrhea, using bottle to drink, mother`s washing hand habit, economic status, education level of mother, knowledge level of mother, drinking water sources, clean water facilities, the risk level of pollution and the quality of water latrine. The result of study indicates that there`s no significant correlation between E. Coli in drinking water and diarrhea occurrence on toddlers. Variable having significant correlation with diarrhea occurrence is infectious disease other than diarrhea with p value 0,001 and Odd ratio (OR) 5,241 (95 % CI : 2,146 - 12,800) variables such as age group, nutrition status, immunization status, using bottle to drink, mother`s washing hand habit, economic status, education level of mother, knowledge level of mother, drinking water sources, clean water facilities, the risk level of pollution and the quality of water latrine have no significant correlation with diarrhea occurrence on toddlers. It is advisable that there should be the increase of health promotion about healthy life style, surveillance of diarrhea and other diseases, such as measles or morbilli, malnutrition, disentry, soil infection and typhoid as well as surveillance of the risk factor. There should be in dept research about infectious disease other than diarrhea suspected as the cause of diarrhea on toddlers.
H2S is dangerous compound that colorless and has smell like rotten egg. One of this compound source is produced from decomposition process in landfill. The most sensitive body system when exposed to H2S is respiratory system. This study aims to analyze the effect of H2S intake to respiratory symptoms at people living around the Cipayung Landfill. This study design uses cross sectional. Data collection was carried out by interview by questionnaire and measure H2S ambient at 9 poimts locate aroundd community settlements. The result were found intake of H2S associated with respiratory symptoms (p value=0,012; OR=10,5; CI 95%=1,25-88,02). The result of multivariat analysis were found H2S intake influence respiratory symptoms after controlled by duration living variable (p value=0,026; OR=6,78; CI 95%= 1,612-64,572). It needs to measure routine H2S ambient and ensure that concentration was safe as well as proper management efforts from City Government of Depok, Cipayung Landfill and related stakeholders in order to reduce the health risk problems to the people living around Cipayung landfill.
Cases of diarrhea in Pandeglang district is still high especially in Regionof Puskesmas Cibaliung, Labuan, and Pagelaran which is half of the caseshappened to underfive years children. Cases of diarrhea (2012) in PuskesmasCibaliung, Labuan, and Pagelaran are 244, 1.440, and 686.This study aims to analyze association between contamination ofEscherichia coli in drinking water and factor of environmental sanitation withunderfive years children acute diarrhea in region of Puskesmas Cibaliung,Labuan, and Pagelaran, Regency of Pandeglang Province of Banten in 2013. Thisstudy used case control design. The information collected by interview aboutenvironmental risk factor and laboratorium analyze of drinking water sample andtumbler swab.Conclusion of this study is contamination of Escherichia coli in drinkingwater and factor of environmental sanitation have not association with underfiveyears children acute diarrhea. Whereas nutrition, knowledge of mother, andhygiene sanitation of food and water have association with underfive yearschildren acute diarrhea. Main risk factor which causes underfive years childrenacute diarrhea are knowledge of mother and hygiene sanitation of food and water.Keyword: Escherichia coli, factor of environmental sanitation, acute diarrhea,underfive years children