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Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya diestimasikan sekitar 18% kematian anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh pneumonia. Faktor risiko pasti yang berkontribusi diantaranya yaitu balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif.
Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 12 -23 bulan setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di tiga wilayah puskesmas Kota Cimahi berdasarkan angka insidens kasus pneumonia balita yang tertinggi di tahun 2012. Kasus adalah balita usia 12 - 23 bulan yang berkunjung ke sarana puskesmas penelitian periode Januari - Desember 2012 dan didiagnosa sebagai kasus pneumonia. Kontrol merupakan tetangga dari kasus, dengan perbandingan jumlah kasus dan kontrol yaitu 1:1. Besar sampel minimal sebanyak 133 untuk masing - masing kelompok. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik. Besar asosiasi balita yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif memiliki OR untuk terjadinya pneumonia sebesar 3,58 kali (95% CI: 2,08 - 6,19) dibandingkan yang mendapat ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder.
Penelitian ini memperkuat penelitian terdahulu yang membuktikan kekuatan hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Berfokus pada daerah dengan angka insiden kasus penumonia yang tinggi, pihak dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas dapat lebih meningkatkan upaya promosi dan fasilitasi ASI eksklusif, menciptakan kawasan tanpa asap rokok di tingkat rumah tangga, pengurangan adanya paparan asap pembakaran di dalam rumah, peningkatan pengetahuan ibu berkaitan faktor risiko pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the biggest cause of death in children worldwide. Each year approximately 18% of estimated deaths of children under five worldwide are caused by pneumonia. Definite risk factors that contribute to them are children under five who are not exclusively breastfed.
The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia children under five age 12 -23 months after controlling for confounders.Case-control study was conducted in three areas of public health centers Cimahi City based incidence rates were highest children under five cases of pneumonia in 2012. Cases were children aged 12-23 months who visited the research public health centers means the period of January to December 2012 and was diagnosed as a case of pneumonia. Control is a neighbor of the case, the ratio of the number of cases and controls is 1:1. Minimum sample size for each of as many as 133 - each group. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Major association children under five who are not exclusively breastfed for the occurrence of pneumonia had an OR of 3.58 (95% CI: 2.08 to 6.19) than those who are breastfed exclusively after controlling for confounders.
This study reinforces previous research that proves the strength of association of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Focusing on areas with a number of high incidence of cases of pneumonia, the health department and public health center could further enhance the promotion and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding, creating a smoke-free area at the household level, reduction in exposure to combustion fumes in the house, increasing maternal knowledge of risk factors associated pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the leading killer of babies in the world, more than other diseases such as AIDS, malaria and measles. Household Health Survey (SKRT) 1992, 1995, 2001 showed that pneumonia is the biggest contributor to the death of infants and toddlers. Based Riskesdas 2007 report, citing the prevalence of pneumonia in the Municipality based on the diagnosis of health workers and complaints rtesponden 1.67%.
Stunting is a malnutrition that is still a public health problem in Indonesia and causes various adverse effects on children's health. Besides caused by a chronic lack of nutrition, stunting can also be caused by recurrent of infectious diseases. Efforts to prevent infectious diseases, such as immunization, will play a role in increasing child growth, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from SSGI 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were that toddlers were aged 12–59 months at the time of data collection, their height was measured, were not experiencing severe or chronic illness, and had complete variable data. A total of 70,267 toddlers met the inclusion criteria, and all were taken as research samples. Data analysis was performed using the Cox regression to obtain a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% of confidence interval. This study shows that the prevalence of stunting among children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia is 23.1%, and the proportion of children under five who have complete basic immunization status is 74.92%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that basic immunization status had a statistically significant association with the incidence of stunting. Toddlers with incomplete basic immunization status are at risk 1.19 times higher for stunting compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.19 (95% CI 1.15–1.23)]. Toddlers who are not immunized at all have an even higher risk of experiencing stunting, which is 1.27 times higher compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.27 (95% CI 1.15–1.39)], after controlling for variables such as the mother's education, economic status, and the child's birth weight. Efforts are needed to complete the child's immunization status on time according to schedule and increase the mother's knowledge regarding the use of health services, the fulfillment of toddler nutrition, and the stimulation of child growth and development.
Pneumonia merupakan penyakit penyebab kematian kedua tertinggi setelah diare diantara balita. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pneumonia merupakan penyakit yang menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama yang berkontribusi terhadap tingginya angka kematian balita di Indonesia. Intervensi yang dapat dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka mortalitas neonatal antara lain promosi menyusui dini dan diikuti dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. ASI merupakan minuman alami bagi bayi baru lahir pada bulan pertama kehidupannya yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatannya. Namun sayang, cakupan ASI eksklusif di Indonesia masih sangat rendah. tingginya angka pneumonia dan rendahnya cakupan ASI eksklusif ini perlu mendapatkan perhatian. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain kasus kontrol. Kasus adalah anak usia 1-5 tahun yang didiagnosa pneumonia oleh dokter/bidan/perawat yang berkunjung ke puskesmas terpilih. Kontrol adalah anak usia 1-5 tahun yang didiagnosa tidak pneumonia dan penyakit berat yang berkunjung ke puskesmas terpilih. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat, stratifikasi, dan multivariat dengan logistik regresi. Dan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa anak yang diberi ASI tidak eksklusif memiliki Rasio Odds 6,699 kali (95% CI: 3.204-14.007) untuk mengalami kejadian pneumonia dibandingkan anak yang diberi ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol dengan variabel adanya perokok, adanya asap pembakaran, pendidikan ibu, riwayat imunisasi DPT lengkap dan status gizi. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan hipotesis penelitian yaitu pemberian ASI tidak eksklusif meningkatkan risiko kejadian Pneumonia dibandingkan yang diberi ASI eksklusif pada anak usia 1-5 tahun di Kabupaten Bogor. Intervensi melalui promosi ASI eksklusif selama enam bulan, program anti rokok, penggunaan bahan bakar untuk masak yang sempurna pembakarannya, pemberdayaan ibu rumah tangga, imunisasi DPT dan perbaikan gizi, perlu dilakukan secara terintegritas untuk menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit Pneumonia.
Pneumonia is one of main cause after diarrhea among under-five year children. It was showed that Pneumonia had become a major public health problem which contributed toward the high of mortality among under-five year children. The intervention action we can do is breastfeeding initiation promotion and giving exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is a natural food for newborn particularly in the first month of life, that very important for their health in the future. Unfortunately, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia was not really good. The high prevalence of Pneumonia and the low of exclusive breastfeeding practice, so we should give more attention for this problem. The objective of study was to identify the role of exclusive breastfeeding practice with lower respiratory tract infection in under-five children in Bogor District. This study used case control design. Sample was selected by purposive (for cases) and random sampling (for control). Each group consist 107 cases and 107 controls. Case definition is children suffered Pneumonia whom diagnosed by doctor/midwives/nurse seeking for treatment at selected health center. Control definition is children without Pneumonia whom diagnosed by doctor/midwives/nurse seeking for treatment at selected health center. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate using logistic regression. And the result of study showed that children whom not given exclusive breastfeeding had the risk Rasio Odds 6,699 kali (95% CI: 3.204-14.007) greater to Pneumonia than children whom given exclusive breastfeeding in under-five year children after controlled by smoker at home, air pollution from cooking at home, level education of mother, immunization status and nutrition status. This result succeed to prove the hypothesis that not giving exclusive breastfeeding practice increasing the risk to Pneumonia than whom given exclusive breastfeeding in under-five year children. Intervention through exclusive breastfeeding promotion, anti-cigarette program, use of stove with perfect burst, mother empowerment, immunization, improving nutrition status should applied at each family for decreasing morbidity and mortality caused by lower respiratory tract infection in under-five year children.
