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Previous studies have reported that there are long-term effects of quitting smoking on weight gain which also exacerbate prehypertension, but the effects are unclear. This study aims to determine the association of smoking and obesity on the incidence of prehypertension in young adults in Indonesia. This quantitative research is a cross-sectional analytic study using secondary data from Riskesdas 2018 with samples of 17,698 and Cox regression analysis. The results of this study explain that the prevalence of prehypertension in young adults in Indonesia is 52.61%. Multivariate analysis showed non-smokers and obese young adults had the greatest risk of developing prehypertension, which was 1.33 times. However, a decreasing effect was found in young adults who smoked and were obese on the incidence of prehypertension, which was 1.17 times, and a protective effect was found in those who smoked and were not obese (PR=0.88) due to the antagonistic interaction of smoking and obesity on prehypertension by 3.42%. Check blood pressure using applications on smartwatches and smartphones in young adults who smoke and focus on those who are obese plus increasing the implementation of Posbindu PTM in public places and promoting health through social media.
Diabetes melitus (DM) masih menjadi tantangan bagi negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) memproyeksikan angka DM di Indonesia akan meningkat 150%, menjadi 28,6 juta jiwa pada tahun 2045. WHO merekomendasikan kelompok berisiko untuk melakukan kombinasi dari konsumsi buah dan sayur ≥5 porsi/hari serta melakukan aktivitas fisik cukup untuk hasil optimal dalam menurunkan risiko DM. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara efek gabungan konsumsi buah-sayur dan aktivitas fisik dengan DM pada penduduk dewasa usia 18-64 tahun di Indonesia tahun 2023. Desain studi cross sectional dari data sekunder Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) tahun 2023 dengan total sampel 23.821 orang dewasa berusia 18-64 tahun di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi DM pada orang dewasa sebesar 15,2%. Analisis multivariat dengan uji logistic regression menunjukkan asosiasi yang tidak signifikan antara konsumsi buah-sayur <3 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik kurang dibandingkan dengan penduduk dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur ≥5 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik cukup (RRCorrected 1,2; 95%CI 1,08-1,52 p value 0,607), artinya penduduk dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur <3 porsi/hari dan memiliki aktivitas fisik rendah memiliki tren peningkatan risiko DM sebesar 1,2 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan orang dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur ≥5 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik cukup setelah dikontrol variabel usia, jenis kelamin, hipertensi dan obesitas sentral, meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Optimalisasi upaya pencegahan DM dengan meningkatkan intake buah-sayur agar memenuhi rekomendasi ≥5 porsi/hari dapat dilakukan penduduk dewasa usia 18-64 tahun yang disertai dengan meningkatkan kegiatan aktivitas fisik baik sedang maupun berat serta meningkatkan kegiatan olah raga bersama baik di sekolah, kampus, kantor maupun di rumah.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a significant challenge for developing countries, including Indonesia. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) projects that the number of DM cases in Indonesia will increase by 150%, reaching 28,6 million by 2045. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that high-risk groups adopt a combination of consuming ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and engaging in sufficient physical activity for optimal results in reducing DM risk. This study aims to examine the association between the combined effects of fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity on DM among adults aged 18–64 years in Indonesia in 2023. The study used a cross-sectional design with secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), involving a total sample of 23,821 adults aged 18–64 in Indonesia. The findings revealed that the prevalence of DM among adults was 15,2%. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed a non-significant association between consuming <3 servings of fruits and vegetables per day with insufficient physical activity compared to adults who consumed ≥5 servings per day and engaged in adequate physical activity (RRcorrected 1,2; 95% CI 1,08–1,52, p-value 0,607). This suggests that adults with low fruit and vegetable intake (<3 servings/day) and low physical activity had a trend of a 1,2 times higher risk of DM compared to those who met the recommended intake (≥5 servings/day) and had sufficient physical activity, after controlling for age, sex, hypertension, and central obesity—though the result was not statistically significant. To optimize DM prevention efforts, adults aged 18–64 should increase their fruit and vegetable intake to meet the recommended ≥5 servings per day, alongside increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and promoting group exercise activities in schools, universities, workplaces, and at home.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that occurs when the heart fails to meet the body’s demand for oxygen and nutrients. The prevalence and mortality rate of heart failure in Indonesia are relatively high compared to other Southeast Asian countries. The occurrence of heart failure in young adults increases the risk of premature death, recurrent rehospitalization, reduced quality of life, and a greater burden on the healthcare system. Several factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, family history of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD), and sex have been identified as being associated with heart failure. Developing a predictive model to identify the most influential risk factors for heart failure in young adults is crucial for preventive strategies and early interventions. This study employed a fixed retrospective cohort design involving patients aged 18–54 years who visited the cardiology outpatient clinic or were hospitalized at four tertiary hospitals in Indonesia (National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta; Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung; Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Solo; and Adam Malik Hospital, Medan) in 2021. Patients without an initial diagnosis of heart failure were included, and their risk factors were recorded according to the study variables. The patients were followed monthly from 2021 until the end of observation in 2024 to determine whether they developed heart failure. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted using the Poisson Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to estimate coefficients, incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals, and to construct the most accurate predictive model. Based on the model, a scoring system and probability value for the occurrence of heart failure were developed. A total of 321 participants met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a median age of 51 years (P25–P75: 46–52 years). After four years of observation, the cumulative probability of developing heart failure was 0.713 (95% CI: 0.661–0.760). The analysis identified three significant predictors for heart failure in young adults: obesity (IRR 1.87; 95% CI 1.31–2.68), dyslipidemia (IRR 2.58; 95% CI 1.87–3.56), and T2DM (IRR 2.79; 95% CI 2.01–3.87). The IDD Score (Body Mass Index–Dyslipidemia–Diabetes) was developed as a predictive scoring system for heart failure in young adults, with a total score of 13 corresponding to a 76.8% probability. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and T2DM were found to be significant risk factors for heart failure in young adults. The proposed IDD Score demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in predicting the occurrence of heart failure within this population.