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Husna Ashlihatul Latifah; Pembimbing: Trisari Anggondowati; Penguji: Lhuri Dwianti Rahmartani, Agus Triwinarto
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Indonesia menargetkan penurunan stunting menjadi 14,2% pada 2029. Namun, upaya tersebut masih menghadapi tantangan besar berupa kompleksitas beban ganda malnutrisi serta praktik pemberian makan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan yang belum optimal. Pada tingkat individu, seorang anak bisa mengalami lebih dari satu masalah malnutrisi sekaligus atau disebut dengan malnutrisi ganda. Belum banyak studi yang mengkaji malnutrisi ganda pada tingkat individu di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI) dengan malnutrisi ganda pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan data sekunder Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) tahun 2022. Malnutrisi ganda yang dikaji adalah kombinasi stunting-wasting (pendek dan gizi kurang) dan stunting-overweight (pendek dan gizi lebih), sedangkan praktik MP-ASI dikaji berdasarkan indikator Pemberian Makan Bayi dan Anak (PMBA) dari WHO dan UNICEF. Data dari total 69.884 anak dianalisis untuk analisis stunting-wasting dan 72.158 anak untuk analisis stunting-overweight setelah kelengkapan data diperiksa dan nilai ekstrem dikeluarkan. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan regresi logistik ganda untuk mendapatkan nilai adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi stunting-wasting dan stunting-overweight secara berturut-turut sebesar 2,7% dan 0,7%. Sebanyak 50,9% anak memenuhi minimum keragaman makanan, 83,5% anak memenuhi minimum frekuensi makan, 45,3% anak memenuhi standar minimum konsumsi makan, 72,5% anak mengonsumsi ikan, telur, atau daging, 24,9% anak mengonsumsi minuman manis, serta 21,6% anak tidak mengonsumsi buah dan sayur sama sekali. Indikator konsumsi minuman manis serta zero konsumsi buah dan sayur berhubungan signifikan terhadap kedua bentuk malnutrisi ganda. Anak yang tidak mengonsumsi minuman manis memiliki penurunan risiko stunting-wasting sebesar 10% (aPOR: 0,90; 95% CI: 0,81–0,996) dan stunting-overweight sebesar 31% (aPOR: 0,69; 95% CI: 0,57–0,84) dibandingkan anak yang mengonsumsi minuman manis. Anak yang mengonsumsi buah dan sayur memiliki penurunan risiko stunting-wasting sebesar 20% (aPOR: 0,80; 95% CI: 0,71–0,90) dan stunting-overweight sebesar 29% (aPOR: 0,71; 95% CI: 0,57–0,89) dibandingkan anak yang tidak mengonsumsi buah dan sayur sama sekali. Temuan tersebut menekankan pentingnya peningkatan keragaman dan kualitas MP-ASI dan makanan dalam program pemberian makan anak yang dilakukan pemerintah disertai perluasan edukasi dan penguatan sistem label gizi pada minuman manis untuk mencegah malnutrisi ganda pada anak.
Indonesia has targeted a reduction in stunting prevalence to 14,2% in 2029. However, this effort still faces major challenges such as the complexity of the double burden of malnutrition and suboptimal feeding practices during the first 1000 days of life. At individual level, a child can experience more than one malnutrition problem at once, which called the double burden of malnutrition. Limited studies have examined the double burden of malnutrition at individual level in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association of complementary feeding practices and the double burden of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia Nutritional Status Survey. The double burden of malnutrition was assessed in forms of coexisting stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight, while complementary feeding practices was measured based on WHO and UNICEF IYCF indicators. A total of 69.884 children were analyzed for stunting-wasting and 72.158 children for stunting-overweight after meeting data completeness and no extreme values. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimated asjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). This study found the prevalence of stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight was 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. Among the children, 50.9% met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 83.5% met the minimum meal frequency (MMF), 45.3% met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD), 72.5% consumed eggs and flesh foods (EFF), 24.9% consumed sweet beverages (SwB), and 21.6% had zero consumption of fruits and vegetables (ZVF). SwB and ZVF indicators were significantly associated with both forms of the double burden of malnutrition. Children who did not consume sweet beverages had a 10% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.996) and a 31% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.84) compared to children who consume sweet beverages. Meanwhile, children who consumed fruits and vegetables had a 20% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.90) and a 29% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57–0.89) than those with zero intake of fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the importance of improving the diversity and quality of foods provided in government programs, along with strengthening nutrition education and sweet beverages nutrition labeling policies to prevent the double burden of malnutrition among children.
Indonesia has targeted a reduction in stunting prevalence to 14,2% in 2029. However, this effort still faces major challenges such as the complexity of the double burden of malnutrition and suboptimal feeding practices during the first 1000 days of life. At individual level, a child can experience more than one malnutrition problem at once, which called the double burden of malnutrition. Limited studies have examined the double burden of malnutrition at individual level in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association of complementary feeding practices and the double burden of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia Nutritional Status Survey. The double burden of malnutrition was assessed in forms of coexisting stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight, while complementary feeding practices was measured based on WHO and UNICEF IYCF indicators. A total of 69.884 children were analyzed for stunting-wasting and 72.158 children for stunting-overweight after meeting data completeness and no extreme values. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimated asjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). This study found the prevalence of stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight was 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. Among the children, 50.9% met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 83.5% met the minimum meal frequency (MMF), 45.3% met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD), 72.5% consumed eggs and flesh foods (EFF), 24.9% consumed sweet beverages (SwB), and 21.6% had zero consumption of fruits and vegetables (ZVF). SwB and ZVF indicators were significantly associated with both forms of the double burden of malnutrition. Children who did not consume sweet beverages had a 10% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.996) and a 31% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.84) compared to children who consume sweet beverages. Meanwhile, children who consumed fruits and vegetables had a 20% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.90) and a 29% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57–0.89) than those with zero intake of fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the importance of improving the diversity and quality of foods provided in government programs, along with strengthening nutrition education and sweet beverages nutrition labeling policies to prevent the double burden of malnutrition among children.
S-12107
Depok : FKM UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Afrah; Permbimbing: Siti Arifah Pujonarti; Penguji: Triyanti, Ika Permatasari
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Beban ganda malnutrisi overweight/obesitas dan anemia adalah koeksistensi kekurangan gizi (anemia defisiensi besi) bersama dengan kelebihan berat badan atau obesitas di dalam satu individu. Remaja overweight/obesitas berisiko mengalami penyakit tidak menular, menurunkan fungsi kognitif, menjadi malas, serta kurang aktif yang akan menambah beban kesehatan dan beban ekonomi sosial kedepannya. Remaja anemia defisiensi besi berisiko mengalami hasil kehamilan buruk (berat badan lahir rendah, prematuritas, kematian neonatal dan bayi) dan produktivitas kerja yang rendah dan prestasi belajar yang rendah. Individu dengan obesitas menyerap lebih sedikit besi daripada individu dengan IMT normal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi, faktor-faktor yang berhubungan, dan faktor dominan kejadian beban ganda malnutrisi overweight/obesitas dan anemia intraindividu pada remaja usia 10-19 tahun di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2018. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat, analisis bivariat menggunakan chi square dan regresi logistic sederhana, dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik berganda. Hasil menunjukan bahwa prevalensi beban ganda malnutrisi overweight/obesitas dan anemia pada remaja adalah 2,9%. Analisis bivariat juga menunjukan adanya hubungan antara jenis kelamin, wilayah tempat tinggal, tingkat Pendidikan ayah dan ibu dengan beban ganda (p-value < 0,05). Analisis multivariat menunjukan bahwa jenis kelamin perempuan merupakan faktor dominan kejadian beban ganda ini (p-value=0,000; OR: 1,931; 95% CI: 1,4-2,6). Bagi remaja perempuan sebaiknya rutin melakukan pengukuran Hb agar anemia terdeteksi. Dapat juga dibuatkan program pemeriksaan Hb rutin pada UKS sekolah, dengan begitu konsumsi TTD juga bisa terkontrol. Bagi remaja yang tinggal di wilayah perkotaan yang lebih berisiko karena kondisi remaja di wilayah perkotaan lebih banyak konsumsi makanan tinggi lemak dan padat energi, perlu lebih memerhatikan makanan yang dikonsumsi. Bagi Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, bisa menggunakan metode 24h recall untuk variable konsumsi agar dapat lebih menggambarkan konsumsi responden.
The double burden of overweight/obesity malnutrition and anemia is the coexistence of malnutrition (iron deficiency anemia) together with being overweight or obese within a single individual. Overweight/obese adolescents are at risk of experiencing non-communicable diseases, decreasing cognitive function, becoming lazy, and inactive which will add to the health burden and social-economic burden in the future. Adolescents with iron deficiency anemia are at risk of experiencing poor pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight, prematurity, neonatal and infant mortality) and low work productivity and low academic achievement. Individuals with obesity absorb less iron than individuals with normal BMI. This study aims to determine the prevalence, associated factors, and dominant factors in the double burden of malnutrition overweight/obesity and intraindividual anemia among adolescents aged 10-19 years in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design using Riskesdas 2018 data. The data analysis used was univariate analysis, bivariate analysis using chi square and simple logistic regression, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. The results show that the prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition, overweight/obesity and anemia in adolescents is 2.9%. Bivariate analysis also showed that there was a relationship between gender, area of residence, educational level of fathers and mothers with a double burden (p-value <0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that female gender was the dominant factor for this double burden (p-value=0.000; OR: 1.931; 95% CI: 1.4- 2.6). For teenage girls, it is better to routinely measure Hb so that anemia can be detected. A program for routine Hb checks can also be made at school health unit, so that the consumption of iron supplements can also be recorded. For adolescents who live in urban areas who are more at risk because population in urban areas consumes more high-fat and energy-dense foods, it is necessary to pay more attention to the food consumed. For the Health Research and Development Agency, the 24h recall method can be used for the consumption variable in order to better describe the respondent's consumption.
S-11399
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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