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Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism which became one of themajor risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to identify factorsassociated with dyslipidemia at adult age groups in the city of Depok and CentralLampung regency. The prevalence of dyslipidemia were found to be quite high at48.2% in Depok and 51.8% in Central Lampung regency. The study design wascross-sectional, using research data of the National Strategy in 2011 with 372samples.Body mass index (p = 0,014), central obesity in men (p = 0,008), andcentral obesity in women (p = 0,002) had a significant association withdyslipidemia.Keywords: dyslipidemia, body mass index, central obesity, urban, rural.
Dislipidemia adalah suatu gangguan yang mengacu pada kadar lipid yang tidak normal dalam aliran darah yang ditandai dengan ditemukannya salah satu tanda keabnormalan kadar lipid darah, meliputi kadar kolesterol total, LDL, trigliserida, atau HDL. Prevalensi dislipidemia pada usia dewasa (19–49 tahun) di Indonesia tergolong tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian dislipidemia pada penduduk usia 15–49 tahun di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder SKI 2023. Analisis data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi, analisis bivariat menggunakan uji kai kuadrat, dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15.827 subjek, 90,7% responden laki-laki dan 80,2% responden perempuan mengalami dislipidemia. Analisis bivariat pada responden laki-laki menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan antara usia, status pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan, indeks massa tubuh, hipertensi, dan obesitas sentral dengan kejadian dislipidemia (p-value <0,05). Analisis bivariat pada responden perempuan menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan antara usia, wilayah tempat tinggal, tingkat pendidikan, konsumsi makanan berlemak, minuman manis, minuman beralkohol, indeks massa tubuh, diabetes melitus, hipertensi, dan obesitas sentral dengan kejadian dislipidemia (p-value <0,05). Analisis multivariat pada responden laki-laki menunjukkan bahwa indeks massa tubuh merupakan faktor dominan (p-value = 0,000; OR 2,3; 95% CI : 1,752-3,249), sedangkan pada responden perempuan menunjukkan bahwa interaksi indeks massa tubuh dan konsumsi makanan berlemak merupakan faktor dominan (p-value = 0,038; OR 3,4; 95% CI : 1,070-10,834).
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that occurs when the heart fails to meet the body’s demand for oxygen and nutrients. The prevalence and mortality rate of heart failure in Indonesia are relatively high compared to other Southeast Asian countries. The occurrence of heart failure in young adults increases the risk of premature death, recurrent rehospitalization, reduced quality of life, and a greater burden on the healthcare system. Several factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, family history of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD), and sex have been identified as being associated with heart failure. Developing a predictive model to identify the most influential risk factors for heart failure in young adults is crucial for preventive strategies and early interventions. This study employed a fixed retrospective cohort design involving patients aged 18–54 years who visited the cardiology outpatient clinic or were hospitalized at four tertiary hospitals in Indonesia (National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta; Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung; Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Solo; and Adam Malik Hospital, Medan) in 2021. Patients without an initial diagnosis of heart failure were included, and their risk factors were recorded according to the study variables. The patients were followed monthly from 2021 until the end of observation in 2024 to determine whether they developed heart failure. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted using the Poisson Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to estimate coefficients, incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals, and to construct the most accurate predictive model. Based on the model, a scoring system and probability value for the occurrence of heart failure were developed. A total of 321 participants met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a median age of 51 years (P25–P75: 46–52 years). After four years of observation, the cumulative probability of developing heart failure was 0.713 (95% CI: 0.661–0.760). The analysis identified three significant predictors for heart failure in young adults: obesity (IRR 1.87; 95% CI 1.31–2.68), dyslipidemia (IRR 2.58; 95% CI 1.87–3.56), and T2DM (IRR 2.79; 95% CI 2.01–3.87). The IDD Score (Body Mass Index–Dyslipidemia–Diabetes) was developed as a predictive scoring system for heart failure in young adults, with a total score of 13 corresponding to a 76.8% probability. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and T2DM were found to be significant risk factors for heart failure in young adults. The proposed IDD Score demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in predicting the occurrence of heart failure within this population.
Stroke merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian di Indonesia. Individu dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk mengalami stroke dibandingkan populasi umum. Namun, penelitian terkait faktor-faktor kejadian stroke pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia masih terbatas dan umumnya dilakukan di tingkat rumah sakit, sehingga cakupan populasinya kecil dan tidak merepresentasikan kondisi secara nasional. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor kejadian stroke pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia. Data berasal dari Survei Kesehatan Indonesia 2023 dengan menggunakan desain studi potong lintang. Responden terdiri dari 17.186 penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia. Analisis menggunakan uji kai kuadrat untuk jenis data kategorik dan uji-t independent untuk jenis data numerik berdistribusi normal/Mann Whitney untuk jenis data numerik yang tidak berdistribusi normal. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa prevalensi kejadian stroke pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia sebesar 4,5%. Hasil penelitian juga menemukan asosiasi perbedaan proporsi antara beberapa faktor secara individual terhadap kejadian stroke. Pada faktor sosiodemografi, usia ≥ 55 Tahun (POR: 1,768; 95% CI: 1,378 – 2,267), jenis kelamin laki-laki (POR: 1,475; 95% CI: 1,179 – 1,845), tingkat pendidikan rendah (POR: 0,556; 95% CI: 0,416 – 0,743), dan wilayah tempat tinggal di perdesaan (POR: 0,748; 95% CI: 0,576 – 0,972); faktor metabolik, kadar tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi) (POR: 1,549; 95% CI: 1,203 – 1,995); faktor klinis, usia pertama kali didiagnosis DM ≤ 43 tahun (POR: 0,514; 95% CI: 0,358 – 0,736) dan lama menderita DM 5 – 9 Tahun (POR: 1,363; 95% CI: 1,037 – 1,791) dan ≥ 10 Tahun (POR: 1,322; 95% CI: 1,009 – 1,731); dan faktor perilaku, konsumsi makanan berisiko (POR: 0,603; 95% CI: 0,462 – 0,787) menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi yang berarti antara masing masing faktor terhadap kejadian stroke. Diharapkan pemangku kebijakan dapat mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor tersebut untuk menerapkan kebijakan atau program yang dapat menurunkan prevalensi kejadian stroke pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di Indonesia.
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in Indonesia. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of experiencing stroke compared to the general population. However, research on stroke risk factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia remains limited and mostly on hospital-based, resulting in a small population scope that does not represent the national condition. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors associated with stroke among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey with a cross-sectional design, involving 17,186 respondents. The analysis used the chi-square test for categorical data and the independent t-test for numerical data with a normal distribution, or the Mann-Whitney test for numerical data that are not normally distributed. This study found that the prevalence of stroke among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia was 4.5%. The results also showed differences in proportions between several single factors and the occurrence of stroke: sociodemographic factors such as age ≥ 55 years (POR: 1,768; 95% CI: 1,378 – 2,267), male (POR: 1,475; 95% CI: 1,179 – 1,845), low education level (POR: 0,556; 95% CI: 0,416 – 0,743), and residing in rural areas (POR: 0,748; 95% CI: 0,576 – 0,972); metabolic factor was high blood pressure (POR: 1,549; 95% CI: 1,203 – 1,995); clinical factors such as being diagnosed with diabetes at ≤ 43 years old (POR: 0,514; 95% CI: 0,358 – 0,736) and diabetes duration of 5 – 9 years (POR: 1,363; 95% CI: 1,037 – 1,791) and ≥ 10 years (POR: 1,322; 95% CI: 1,009 – 1,731); and behavioral factor was consumption of high-risk foods (POR: 0,603; 95% CI: 0,462 – 0,787). These findings highlight the need for policymakers to consider these factors in developing strategies and programs to reduce the prevalence of stroke among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.
