Abstrak: MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy) has been shown to be more effective than nonadjuvanted vaccine in the elderly population. Here we present results from a large-scale, observational, noninterventional, prospective postlicensure study that evaluated the safety of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine in elderly subjects aged 65 years or more. The study was performed in 5 northern Italian health districts during the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. The choice of vaccine-either adjuvanted vaccine or a nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine-was determined by individual providers on the basis of local influenza vaccination policy. Hospitalizations for potential adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were identified from hospital databases and then reviewed against recognized case definitions to identify confirmed cases of AESI. Cumulative incidences were calculated for AESIs in predefined biologically plausible time windows, as well as in a 6-month window following vaccination. During the 3-year study period, 170,988 vaccine doses were administered to a total of 107,661 persons. Despite the large study size, cases of AESI resulting in hospitalization were rare, and risks of AESI were similar in both the MF59-adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted vaccination groups. In conclusion, similar safety profiles were observed for both nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines in elderly recipients.

Abstrak:

Pandemic Agreement bertujuan untuk memperkuat pencegahan, kesiapsiagaan dan respon pandemi di masa datang. Namun, kesenjangan pemenuhan cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19, menjadi alasan sulitnya pandemi ditaklukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan Pandemic Agreement dalam pemenuhan cakupan vaksinasi global untuk mencegah pandemi. Pada hasil analisis kuantitatif terdapat 4 (empat) variabel yang mempengaruhi yaitu pengujian modalitas pada laboratorium (p-value: 0,014;OR: 1,974); pendekatan One Health (p-value: 0,036;OR:0,66); pembiayaan untuk implementasi IHR (p-value:0,032;OR:1,676); peningkatan tenaga kesehatan saat terjadi kejadian kesehatan masyarakat (p-value:0,049; OR:1,369). Pandemic Agreement telah mengatur pemenuhan cakupan vaksinasi untuk mencegah terjadinya pandemi. Namun, masih terdapat pengaturan yang belum mengikat dan belum detail.

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 The Pandemic Agreement strengthens prevention, preparedness, and response to future pandemics. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the Pandemic Agreement to achieve global vaccination coverage to prevent pandemics. The quantitative analysis results, there are four variables that influence this: laboratory testing modalities (p value: 0.014; OR: 1.974); the One Health approach (p-value: 0.036; OR: 0.66); funding for IHR implementation (p-value: 0.032; OR: 1.676); and increasing healthcare personnel during public health events (p-value: 0.049; OR: 1.369). The Pandemic Agreement has established requirements for vaccination coverage to prevent pandemics. However, there are still provisions that are not binding and lack detail. 

Abstrak: Polio eradication is on the cusp of success, with only a few regions still maintaining transmission. Improving our understanding of why some regions have been successful and others have not will help with both global eradication of polio and development of more effective vaccination strategies for other pathogens. To examine the past 25 years of eradication efforts, we constructed a transmission model for wild poliovirus that incorporates waning immunity (which affects both infection risk and transmissibility of any resulting infection), age-mediated vaccination rates, and transmission of oral polio vaccine. The model produces results consistent with the 4 country categories defined by the Global Polio Eradication Program: elimination with no subsequent outbreaks; elimination with subsequent transient outbreaks; elimination with subsequent outbreaks and transmission detected for more than 12 months; and endemic polio transmission. Analysis of waning immunity rates and oral polio vaccine transmissibility reveals that higher waning immunity rates make eradication more difficult because of increasing numbers of infectious adults, and that higher oral polio vaccine transmission rates make eradication easier as adults become reimmunized. Given these dynamic properties, attention should be given to intervention strategies that complement childhood vaccination. For example, improvement in sanitation can reduce the reproduction number in problematic regions, and adult vaccination can lower adult transmission.

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