Abstrak: Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant mortality and are important contributors to subsequent morbidity. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some anomalies, although evidence is limited. We aimed to investigate whether ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in early gestation contribute to the risk of selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 1997-2006. Seven exposures and 5 outcomes were included for a total of 35 investigated associations. We observed increased odds of neural tube defects when comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of exposure for several pollutants after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and multivitamin use. The adjusted odds ratio for neural tube defects among those with the highest carbon monoxide exposure was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 3.2) compared with those with the lowest exposure, and there was a monotonic exposure-response across quartiles. The highest quartile of nitrogen oxide exposure was associated with neural tube defects (adjusted odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.8). The adjusted odds ratio for the highest quartile of nitrogen dioxide exposure was 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.7). Ozone was associated with decreased odds of neural tube defects. Our results extend the limited body of evidence regarding air pollution exposure and adverse birth outcomes.

Abstrak: Jumlah kendaraan di Jakarta bertambah setiap tahunnya. Hal ini mengakibatkan polusi udara dan kemacetan lalu lintas. Masyarakat di Jakarta biasanya akan menggunakan jalan tol untuk menghindari kemacetan sehingga jumlah kendaraan yang memenuhi jalan tol semakin bertambah setiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi konsentrasi pajanan PM2 di Gerbang Tol Cililitan Tahun 2014, dengan menggunakan desain studi deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi PM2,5 di dalam gardu lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi PM2.5 di luar. Konsentrasi PM2.5 di dalam dan di luar gardu sudah melebihi NAB (Nilai Ambang Batas) yang ditetapkan pemerintah Indonesia yaitu 65 µg/m3 selama 24 jam dengan rata-rata jumlah 9812 kendaraan per hari. Kata Kunci : jalan tol; PM2.5; polusi udara

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The number of vehicles at Jakarta increase every year. This results air pollution and traffic jam. People at Jakarta usually use highway to avoid traffic jam until anumber of vechicles which use highway increasingly every year. The purpose ofthis study to identify the concentration of PM2.5 exposure in Cililitan Toll Gate in2014, with using descriptive design study. This study showed PM2,5 exposure atinside tollbooth has higher than outside tollbooth. PM2.5 concentration inside andoutside tollbooth has already got beyond NAB (Nilai Ambang Batas) whichprescript by Indonesia government, that is 65 µg/m3 during 24 hours with mean of vechicles 9812 vechicles per day. Key words: air pollution; highway; PM2.5

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Abstrak: Although respiratory disease has been strongly connected to fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5)), evidence has been mixed regarding the effects of coarse particles (particulate matter from 2.5 to 10 μm in diameter), possibly because of the greater spatial heterogeneity of coarse particles. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between coarse particles and respiratory emergency department visits, including common subdiagnoses, from 2005 to 2008 in 35 California counties. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to help control for time-invariant confounders and seasonal influences, and the study population was limited to those residing within 20 km of pollution monitors to mitigate the influence of spatial heterogeneity. Significant associations between respiratory emergency department visits and coarse particle levels were observed. Asthma visits showed associations (for 2-day lag, excess risk per 10 μg/m³ = 3.3%, 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.6) that were robust to adjustment by other common air pollutants (particles < 2.5 μm in diameter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide). Pneumonia and acute respiratory infection visits were not associated, although some suggestion of a relationship with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease visits was present. Our results indicate that coarse particle exposure may trigger asthma exacerbations requiring emergency care, and reducing exposures among asthmatic persons may provide benefits.