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Background: The burden of disease and mortality caused by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has increased with the increasing prevalence of CKD risk factors. The National Health Insurance (JKN) program has increased healthcare access. However, the access in urban population is not the same as in rural. Objectives: To find out the relationship between the patients’ residential area (urban or rural) and the role of the contextual variables at the provincial level on the mortality of hospitalized JKN patients with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using BPJS Kesehatan 2015-2016 sample data. Multivariate analysis was performed with Generalized Estimating Equations and continued with multilevel analysis. Results: The study showed the proportion of deaths was 19.95%. Respectively, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 1, 3 and 5 had higher mortality risk OR 1.37 (95%CI 1.33-1.41), 1.82 (95%CI 1.72-1.92), 5.90 (95%CI 4.28-8.12) with p<0.01. However, rural residents compared to urban and treated in hospitals at Regional 4 had reduced risk of death, OR 0.51 (95%CI 0.45-0.59;p<0.01) and those whom treated in hospitals at regional 2 had OR 1.03 (95%CI 0.96-1.12; p>0.05). The contextual variables of the study caused 8.98% mortality variance at provincial level. Conclusions: Rural residents had higher risk of death than those in urban and there was small variation in mortality between provinces.
Obesity caused by unequality of nutrition intake and energy output which ismeasured by body mass index (BMI) as parameter. Unequality phenomenaaccured by complex determinants called compositional and contextual factor. Theaim from this study is identify complex determinants of BMI in 16 province inIndonesia which have higher obesity prevalence than national obesity prevalence.This study use cross-sectional design study and 180.352 sampel of Indonesianadults in 19-44 years old. BMI measured from body height and body weight. Datafor compositional determinants collected from Basic Health Research 2013 givenby National Health Research and Development of Indonesia. Data for contextualdeterminants collected from Statistical of Statistik Potensi Desa 2011, StatistikPerilaku Peduli Lingkungan Hidup 2013 dan Statistik Pengeluaran KonsumsiMakanan-Bukan Makanan dan Pendapatan/Penerimaan Rumah Tangga 2013given by Berau of Statistic of Indonesia. Analysis using multilevel linearregression. Compositional determinant dominant of IMT reported is socialeconomy status. Social economy status have postive associated with BMI.Contextual determinants dominant of IMT reported are motorized-user and fast-food outlet have postive associated with BMI. Policy to encorouge people toaccess healthy food and physical activity expectable to reduce non-communicablediseases.Keywords: body mass index, adults, multilevel analysis.
