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In 2022, Indonesia ranked fourth globally in the number of breast cancer deaths. One of the contributing factors to the high mortality rate is comorbidity. This study aims to examine the association between comorbidities and three-year survival of breast cancer patients in Indonesia. A retrospective cohort design was used, involving 896 samples from the 2018–2023 BPJS Kesehatan General Sample Data. Survival curves and probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, while associations were analyzed using the log-rank test and Hazard Ratios (HR) via Cox regression. The study found that the cumulative survival probability (CSP) at 36 months for the overall sample was 49.9%, with a median survival time of 35,34 months. Breast cancer patients with comorbidities and other comorbid conditions had a higher risk of death within three years (comorbidity CSP = 43.7%; HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.01–1.89, other comorbidities CSP = 42.4%; HR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.01–2.04). No significant differences in survival were found based on metabolic disorders including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, age at diagnosis, marital status, socioeconomic status, or place of residence. Breast cancer survival in Indonesia remains low, particularly among patients with comorbidities.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that can be treated, and its consequences can be prevented or delayed through proper diet, physical activity, medication, as well as regular screening and treatment of complications. However, this disease is often diagnosed several years after onset, by which time complications and comorbidities may have developed, making it one of the top 10 causes of hospitalizations. This study aims to determine the effect of severity and comorbidity on the length of hospital stay among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in advanced referral health facilities (FKRTL) among BPJS Kesehatan participants in 2023, controlled for variables such as FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender. This research used 2023 BPJS Kesehatan sample data with a cross-sectional study design. The analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between severity and length of stay (p-value = 0.001), while comorbidities were not significantly associated with length of stay (p-value = 0.285). Moderate to severe severity and comorbidities with a CCI score of ≥1 were associated with a higher risk of prolonged hospitalization and a lower risk of short hospitalization compared to the ideal length of stay (RRR = 4.95; 95% CI = 0.82–29.85; RRR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29–0.72 | RRR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.25–4.92; RRR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.41–1.10). Multivariate analysis controlling for FKRTL type, FKRTL ownership, segmentation, care class, age, and gender showed that the association between severity and length of stay remained significant after controlling for FKRTL type and FKRTL ownership, while the association between comorbidity and length of stay remained insignificant even after adjusting for control variables. Efforts to enhance clinical early detection programs for the severity level and comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus are necessary to prevent prolonged hospital stays due to complications and disease severity, which contribute to a significant healthcare burden.
Latar belakang: Penyakit menular, khususnya Tuberkulosis (TB), masih menjadi tantangan besar di Indonesia, dengan prevalensi yang tinggi dan dampak signifikan terhadap sistem kesehatan. Komorbiditas seperti Diabetes Mellitus (DM) dan koinfeksi HIV memperburuk pengobatan TB, memperpanjang durasi terapi, serta meningkatkan beban biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan biaya rawat inap pada pasien TB dengan komorbid DM dan koinfeksi HIV di fasilitas kesehatan Indonesia, khususnya yang terdaftar dalam program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan biaya rawat inap pada layanan FKRTL peserta JKN penderita TB/DM dan TB/HIV di Indonesia selama satu tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan studi cross-sectional menggunakan data sampel BPJS Kesehatan tahun 2023. Sampel penelitian ini adalah peserta dengan diagnosis primer TB yang memiliki diagnosis sekunder DM dan HIV pada pelayanan FKRTL. Hasil: Terdapat sebanyak 4.753 peserta RITL JKN tahun 2022. Dari total kunjungan, sebanyak 4.531 merupakan peserta komorbid TB/DM dan 232 peserta koinfeksi TB/HIV. Pada tahun 2022, BPJS Kesehatan membayarkan sebesar Rp28,8 miliar untuk peserta RITL komorbid TB/DM dan Rp3,1 miliar untuk peserta RITL koinfeksi TB/HIV. Kesimpulan: Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan biaya komorbid TB/DM pada kunjungan RITL peserta JKN 2022 adalah umur, hak kelas rawat, segmen kepesertaan, dan rujukan FKTP. Sedangkan, faktor-faktor yang beruhubungan dengan biaya koinfeksi pada kunjungan RITL pada kunjungan peserta JKN 2022 adalah jenis kelamin, umur, hak kelas rawat, dan segmen kepesertaan.
Background: Infectious diseases, particularly Tuberculosis (TB), remain a major challenge in Indonesia, with high prevalence and significant impact on the healthcare system. Comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and HIV coinfection worsen TB treatment, prolong therapy duration, and increase healthcare costs. This study aims to analyze the comparison of inpatient costs for TB patients with comorbid DM and HIV coinfection in Indonesian healthcare facilities, specifically those enrolled in the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. Objective: To determine the comparison of inpatient costs for JKN FKRTL services for TB/DM and TB/HIV patients in Indonesia over the course of one year. Method: This study employs a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design using BPJS Health sample data from 2023. The research sample includes participants with a primary TB diagnosis and secondary diagnoses of DM and HIV in FKRTL services. Results: There were 4,753 JKN inpatient participants in 2022. Of these, 4,531 were TB/DM comorbid patients, and 232 were TB/HIV coinfected patients. In 2022, BPJS Health paid Rp28.8 billion for TB/DM comorbid patients and Rp3.1 billion for TB/HIV coinfected patients. Conclusion: Factors related to the cost of TB/DM comorbidity for JKN inpatient visits in 2022 include age, inpatient class entitlement, membership segment, and FKTP referral. Meanwhile, factors related to the cost of coinfection for JKN inpatient visits in 2022 include gender, age, inpatient class entitlement, and membership segment.
