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Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi eksperimen. Jumlah sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 64 sampel air limbah terolah pada outlet di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Puksesmas X Jakarta. Data kadar total coliform didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaaan sampel di laboratorium terakreditasi. Sinar ultraviolet menggunakan lampu TL UVC merk Philips dengan daya 15 watt.
Hasil: Berdasarkan rata-rata persentase penurunan kadar Total Coliform pada sampel setelah mendapatkan perlakuan dengan sinar ultarviolet setelah 2 menit sebesar 10%, setelah 4 menit sebesar 21,25%, setelah 6 menit sebesar 26,75%, setelah 8 menit sebesar 42,5%, setelah 10 menit sebesar 58,75%. Persentase penurunan total coliform setelah 10 menit penyinaran memiliki efektifitas yang paling tinggi. Dari uji korelasi diketahui bahwa ada hubungan yang kuat antara lama penyinaran ultraviolet dengan penurunan total Coliform.
Background: This study aims to determine the effective time to reduce total coliform levels by using ultraviolet light in treated wastewater at the outlet of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Health Center X in Jakarta in 2022.
Methods: This research uses quantitative research methods with an experimental study design. The number of samples in this study were 64 samples of treated wastewater at the outlets of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Public Health Center X Jakarta. Data on total coliform levels were obtained from the results of examination of samples in an accredited laboratory. Ultraviolet light using Philips brand TL UVC lamp with 15 watts of power.
Results: Based on the average percentage decrease in Total Coliform levels in the sample after receiving treatment with ultraviolet light after 2 minutes by 10%, after 4 minutes by 21.25%, after 6 minutes by 26.75%, after 8 minutes by 42.5 %, after 10 minutes of 58.75%. The percentage of total coliform decrease after 10 minutes of irradiation had the highest effectiveness. From the correlation test, it is known that there is a strong relationship between the duration of ultraviolet irradiation and the decrease in total Coliform.
Until now, pneumonia cases still occupy the first position as an infectious disease that causes morbidity and mortality in children under five in Indonesia. The city of Semarang in the last 10 years has not shown a decrease in the trend of pneumonia cases under five based on the Semarang City Health Profile. Climatic factors are one of the risk factors that can affect the susceptibility of the host and present environmental conditions that support pneumonia pathogens to survive. This study aims to determine the correlation between exposure to climate variability (length of sunshine, average air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and maximum wind speed) on the incidence of pneumonia under five in Semarang City in 2012 – 2021. This study used an ecological study design. time series. Methods of analysis include univariate, bivariate and multivariate. This study uses secondary data on cases of pneumonia under five and the climate data of Semarang City in 2012-2021. The univariate results found that the highest average case occurred in March. Analysis of climate data obtained the result that the highest average length of sunshine occurred in August. The highest average air temperature occurs in October. The highest relative humidity occurs in January-February. The highest average rainfall occurs in January-February. The highest average maximum wind speed occurs in January. Spearman correlation test showed a significant relationship (p < 0,05) at lag 0 relative humidity (r = 0.212) and rainfall (r = 0.198); lag 1 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.206), average air temperature (r = - 0.382), relative humidity (r = 0.336), rainfall (r = 0.283); lag 2 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.270), average air temperature (r = - 0.332), relative humidity (r = 0.282), rainfall (r = 0.185); lag 3 duration of sunshine (r = - 0.240), rainfall (r = 0.195). The multivariate test of GAMs Poisson obtained the results that the duration of sunlight (lags 0, 1 and 3), average air temperature (lags 1 and 3), relative humidity (lag 3), rainfall (lag 1) and maximum wind speed (lag 2) has an effect on pneumonia under five in the city of Semarang (R2 = 0.558; RMSE = 6.94). Based on these results, it is important for the community to increase awareness of climate variability and the Health Office is expected to consider the pattern of climate variability in the months that indicate a potential increase in cases in prevention planning and surveillance activities for pneumonia under five in Semarang City.
Depok is one of the cities that has the highest diarrhea cases, where is the districts with the most diarrhea cases is Tapos District with 1,274 cases. Some risk factors for diarrheal disease are consuming water contaminated with feces, maternal hygiene behavior, and poor household sanitation. Fecal contamination in drinking water can be seen from the amount of Escherichia coli bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Escherichia coli in drinking water, maternal hygiene behavior, and household sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Tapos District. The study was a cross sectional with a total of 100 respondents divided into 7 villages (Tapos, Cilangkap, Cimpaeun, Sukamaju Baru, Jatijajar, Sukatani, and Leuwinanggung). Household drinking water samples were tested by the MPN (Most Probable Number) method at the Laboratory of Public Health Faculty University of Indonesia. While data on maternal hygiene behavior and household sanitation were obtained by interview and direct observation to the respondent's house. The results showed that 29% of children under five experienced diarrhea and 93% of drinking water did not meet the requirements. Statistical test results found that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge about diarrhea (p = 0,045; OR = 3 CI: 1,13-7,95) and hand washing habits (p = 0,017; OR = 3,7 CI: 1,36-10,18) with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Tapos District. While there was no relationship between maternal knowledge about hygiene, the habit of nail clip, the habit of closing food, and the habit of cooking and storing drinking water with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Tapos District.
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered type of coronavirus. COVID19 is a betaCoronavirus that attacks the respiratory system. Riau Province is a province on the island of Sumatra that has a fairly high risk of workers being exposed to COVID-19. PT.X is a company that is categorized as having a moderate risk of COVID-19 exposure. This study aims to analyze the relationship between individual characteristics and personal hygiene with the risk of COVID-19 in workers at PT.X. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The number of samples in this study is 107 workers. Data on individual characteristics (Age, Gender, and Income), personal hygiene, and the risk of COVID-19 were obtained from primary data through a questionnaire that has been tested for validity. Based on statistical tests conducted using the chi-square test, there was no significant relationship between gender and the risk of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.731). Insignificant results were also obtained from the age variable with the risk of COVID-19 (p-value = 1,000). Insignificant results were also obtained for the income variable with the risk of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.386).there is a significant relationship between variable personal hygiene and the risk of contracting COVID-19 (p-value = 0.00, OR = 7.030).
This study is a literature review study that examine risk factors of leptospirosis from individual and environmental perspectives in the Asia Pacific region. This study aims to examine the environmental and individual risk factors that cause leptospirosis infection. This study uses a literature review study approach and analyzed using qualitative methods based on case-control study and cross-sectional study. This study uses secondary data of the international articles from the internet or websites, especially 8 international articles from the international database such as ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed. Most of the international articles are from Sri Lanka, India, Laos, Vietnam and Malaysia. The results of this study indicate that the most significant risk factor for leptospirosis based on the case-control study is the occupation, especially in the wet cultivation sector (OR 4.588), while the most significant risk factor based on the cross-sectional study is the presence of rats (p value 0.001) and occupation (p value 0.005). The conclusion of this study is the occupation and presence of rats are the most significant risk factors for leptospirosis. This is supported by the occupation that is classified as high risk occupational, for example, working in agriculture has a higher risk of increasing leptospirosis than work with low risk.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an acute febrile disease with minor or major bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and plasma leakage caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector. WHO noted that from 1968-2009, Indonesia became the first country in Southeast Asia with the most dengue cases and the second in the world. In 2015, the Indonesian Ministry of Health has recorded an increase in the number of districts/cities infected with dengue fever in Indonesia. From 384 regencies and cities, it increased to 446 regencies and cities. One of the districts/cities with high dengue cases is South Tangerang City. In 2014, South Tangerang City became the largest contributor to DHF cases in Banten Province with 768 cases. There are factors that can be the cause of high dengue cases, namely climate factors, population density, and mosquito populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between climatic factors, population density, and larval free rate (LFR) with the incidence of DHF in South Tangerang City in 2016-2021. This research uses an ecological time series design study with quantitative methods and correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. This study uses secondary data from the South Tangerang City Health Office; Central Bureau of Statistics of South Tangerang City; and the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). The results of this study are that there is a significant relationship between temperature, humidity, and LFR with the incidence of DHF in South Tangerang City in 2016-2021 (p = 0.016; r = -0.282) (p = 0.000; r = 0.506) (p = 0.000 ; r = -0.558), while rainfall and population density showed insignificant results with the incidence of DHF in South Tangerang City in 2016-2021 (p = 0.064; r = 0.220) (p = 0.759; r = -0.037). From the results of multiple linear regression, it was found that the variables that entered the final model were humidity and LFR variables and could explain 39.9% of the variation in the dependent variable of DHF incidence (R square = 0.399). The most influential variable on the incidence of DHF in South Tangerang City in 2016-2021 is the humidity variable.
