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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Meskipun Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2030 untuk angka kematian balita telah tercapai, angka kematian neonatal di Indonesia tetap tinggi, dengan lebih 70.000 kematian neonatal di tahun 2018, yang menempatkan Indonesia di peringkat ke-8 secara global. Hal ini merupakan tantangan besar untuk mencapai visi "Indonesia Emas 2045". Meskipun berbagai intervensi termasuk sari sisi finansial dalam akses pelayanan kesehatan telah meningkatkan pemanfaatan layanan, tdaik sertamerta ditunjukkan dalam bentuk peningkatan status kesehatan neonatal, menunjukkan adanya masalah sistemik dan kualitas pelayanan. Studi ini menelaan faktor determinan yang kompleks terhadap status kesehatan neonatal di Indonesia, termasuk dari sisi penerapan desentralisasi kesehatan, disparitas sosial ekonomi, dan variasi geografis. Dengan mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor ini, studi ini menekankan kebutuhan mendesak peningkatan pelayanan maternal dan neonatal dalam memperbaiki ketimpangan maupun meningkatkan status kesehatan secara keseluruhan.
Metode: Menggunakan data survei nasional tahun 2018 dari 34 provinsi, 513 kabupaten/kota, dan 300.000 rumah tangga, dengan fokus pada 73.086 perempuan berusia 10-54 tahun yang melahirkan dalam lima tahun terakhir, kami mengeksplorasi bagaimana faktor individu, rumah tangga, kabupaten, dan provinsi memengaruhi hasil kesehatan neonatal. Studi ini mengintegrasikan regresi multilevel, indeks konsentrasi, dan regresi spasial untuk menilai dampak determinan sosial dan ketidaksetaraan sistemik menggunakan STATA 14.0 dan ArcGIS Pro3. Analisis kebijakan sederhana yang selaras dengan tujuh pilar sistem kesehatan nasional juga dilakukan untuk menjelaskan lebih lanjut disparitas dalam hasil kesehatan.
Hasil: Studi ini mengungkapkan, meskipun sebagian besar dapat dicegah, angka kematian neonatal tetap tinggi dengan disparitas yang signifikan. Melalui analisis regresi multilevel dan spasial, dibuktikan bahwa disparitas kesehatan neonatal dipengaruhi oleh status sosial ekonomi, lokasi geografis, dan akses terhadap layanan kesehatan. Pada model akhir, yang menggabungkan faktor tingkat individu dan komunitas, varians yang tidak terjelaskan berkurang sebesar 30% (PCV), dimana faktor komunitas masih menjelaskan 14% variabilitas (ICC = 0,1389). Variabilitas risiko tingkat komunitas menurun yang terlihat dari perubahan Median Odds Ratio (MOR) dari 2,28 menjadi 2,00. Hasil ini menekankan pentingnya faktor individu dan komunitas dalam upaya mengurangi risiko lanjut dari bayi lahir yang berisiko.
Studi ini menekankan pengaruh kesiapan sisi suplai dan kualitas pelayanan termasuk efektivitas antenatal dan kelahiran di fasilitas kesehatan dalam meningkatkan hasil kesehatan neonatal, meskipun banyak kelahiran masih terjadi di luar fasilitas kesehatan. Neonatus lebih berisiko secara signifikan terkonsentrasi di distrik dengan kapasitas fiskal lebih rendah, sementara pemeriksaan antenatal lebih tinggi di kabupaten yang lebih kaya, menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan alokasi sumber daya. Temuan ini menunjukkan pentingnya kebijakan kesehatan yang spesifik, memperhatikan kondisi local dalam menurunkan kesenjangan dan meningkatkan status kesehatan.
ABSTRACT
Background. Despite achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for reducing under-5 mortality, Indonesia's Neonatal Mortality Rate remains alarmingly high, with over 70,000 neonatal deaths in 2018, ranking it 8th globally. This situation poses a stark challenge to Indonesia's "Great Indonesia 2045" vision. Notably, while interventions to eliminate financial barriers to healthcare have increased service utilization, improvements in neonatal health outcomes have not followed, highlighting systemic and quality issues within the health sector. This study addresses the complex determinants of neonatal outcomes in Indonesia, including the effects of a decentralized health system, socioeconomic disparities, and geographic variations. By exploring these factors, it underscores the urgent need to enhance maternal and neonatal services to rectify inequities and improve overall health outcomes.
Methods: We analyzed 2018 national survey data from 34 provinces, 513 districts, and 300,000 households, focusing on 73,086 women aged 10-54 who had given birth in the preceding five years. We explored how individual, household, district, and provincial factors influence neonatal health outcomes by employing multilevel regression, concentration indices, and spatial regression to assess the impact of social determinants and systemic inequalities using tools like STATA 14.0 and ArcGIS Pro 3. A simplified policy analysis, aligned with the national health system's seven pillars, including community initiatives, was also conducted to further highlight disparities in health outcomes.
Results: Key findings reveal a neonatal mortality rate that, despite being preventable in many cases, remains high with significant disparities. Utilizing spatial and multilevel regression analyses, the research highlighted that neonatal health disparities are influenced by socioeconomic status, geographic location, and access to health services. The final model, incorporating both individual and community-level factors, reduced unexplained variance by 30% (PCV), with community factors still explaining 14% of the variability (ICC = 0.1600). The community-level risk variability also decreased, as shown by a reduction in the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) from 2.28 to 2.00. These results highlight the importance of targeting both individual and community factors to reduce the risk of babies being born at risk.
Additionally, the study underscores the influences of supply-side readiness and quality of service delivery including effectiveness of antenatal care and institutional delivery in improving neonatal health outcomes, although many births still occur outside of health facilities. High-risk neonates were found to be concentrated significantly in districts with lower fiscal capacity, while antenatal care checkups were predominantly higher in wealthier districts, pointing to a resource allocation gap. These findings point to the critical need for targeted health policies, local-specific interventions to bridge the equity gap and improve neonatal health outcomes.
Preterm birth is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality in Indonesia. It significantly contributes to neonatal morbidity and mortality, thereby affecting the overall health indicators of the country. This study aims to identify the determinants of preterm birth in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. The data were obtained from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey using a cross-sectional study design. The study sample consisted of 32,288 ever-married women aged 10–54 years who had given birth in the last five years. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that antenatal care (ANC) visits, multiple pregnancies, hypertension, and antepartum hemorrhage were significant determinants of preterm birth in both urban and rural areas. Maternal age, premature rupture of membranes, and mode of delivery were only associated with preterm birth in urban areas, while placenta previa was only significant in rural areas. Multiple pregnancies were the most dominant factor associated with preterm birth in both settings.