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ABSTRAK “Pelayaran merupakan industri berskala internasional dari semua industri besar dunia dan salah satu yang paling berbahaya”. Banyak bahaya yang dihadapi oleh mereka yang bekerja di kapal. Ini disebabkan oleh operasi-operasi tertentu yang dilakukan dan bekerja diatas papan platform bergerak. Bahkan setelah diberlakukannya standar international safety management (ISM) dan prosedur untuk mengelola risiko, kecelakaan kerja diatas kapal tetap terjadi. Jumlah kecelakaan kerja pada kegiatan pelayaran SPO Ltd tahun 2007 – 2011 adalah 438 kasus kecelakaan kerja. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIF) untuk kegiatan pelayaran kapal SPO Ltd, tahun 2007 LTIFR nya adalah 0.71, tahun 2008 LTIFR nya adalah 2.01, tahun 2009 LTIFR nya adalah 1,08, tahun 2010 LTIFR nya adalah 0,79 dan tahun 2011 LTIFR nya adalah 0,63. Penyebab kecelakaan kerja paling banyak diakibatkan oleh tindakan tidak aman (unsafe act) yaitu 314 (71,7%) kasus dari total kecelakaan kerja. Unsafe act di SPO Ltd terjadi akibat sifat alami manusia, pekerja cendrung keletihan, terlalu percaya diri dan tidak mengikuti prosedur kerja. Kecelakaan kerja akibat jatuh, tersandung di kapal SPO Ltd, terjadi akibat buruknya housekeeping, lantai yang basah atau licin, buruknya pencahayaan, permukaan lantai yang tidak rata. Lokasi kecelakaan di kegiatan pelayaran kapal offshore tertinggi terjadi pada geladak (deck) kapal yaitu sebanyak 198 (45,2%) kasus dari total kasus. Di bagian dek permukaannya mungkin licin dan berminyak akibat pengecatan, pekerjaan pemeliharaan kapal dan lainnya sering dilakukan di atas deck. Bahaya di kegiatan pelayaran kapal offshore tertinggi adalah bahaya mekanik, yaitu sebanyak 310 (70,8%) kasus dari total kasus. Tingginya angka kecelakaan bahaya mekanik karena dalam kegiatan pelayaran kapal offshore, lebih banyak kegiatan yang memiliki bahaya mekanik seperti pengangkatan, towing / penarikan, cutting tools / alat pemotong, menggulung tali tambat kapal (perputaran mesin). Manajemen SPO Ltd agar lebih memperhatikan keadaan dan kondisi pekerjanya, karena beban kerja yang tinggi saat melakukan kegiatan pelayaran kapal offshore dapat memicu stress dan keletihan. Pelatihan berkala kepada pekerja terutama pelatihan terkait penggunaan alat kerja, bahaya di lingkungan kerja, karena kecelakaan kerja sering terjadi diakibatkan kurangnya pengetahuan pekerja dalam mengoperasikan alat kerja. Budaya bekerja aman sebaiknya disosialisasi dan diterapkan agar mencegah pekerja lalai atau tidak mengetahui bahaya dalam bekerja dan memahami cara bekerja yang aman.
ABSTRACT “Shipping is an international industry of all the world's largest industries and one of the most dangerous”. Many dangers faced by those working on ships. This is caused by certain operations are carried out and work on board moving platforms. Even after the enactment of international standards of safety management (ISM) and procedures to manage risks, accidents still occur on board. The number of occupational accidents in the shipping activities of SPO Ltd. 2007 - 2011 was 438 cases of occupational injuries. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIF) for cruise ship activities SPO Ltd., in 2007 its LTIFR was 0.71, in 2008 its LTIFR was 2.01, in 2009 its LTIFR was 1.08, in 2010 its LTIFR was 0.79 and in 2011 its LTIFR was 0.63. The cause of most accidents caused by the unsafe act, i.e. 314 (71.7%) of the total accident cases. Unsafe act in SPO Ltd. occur due to human nature, the worker tends to fatigue, over-confident and do not follow the working procedures. Accidents caused by falling, tripping on the ship SPO Ltd., occur due to poor housekeeping, wet or slippery floors, poor lighting, uneven floor surfaces. Location of cruise ship accidents in the offshore activity is highest on the deck (deck) as many as 198 vessels (45.2%) cases of the total cases. On the deck surface may be slippery and oily due to painting, and other ship maintenance work is often done on the deck. Hazards in the activities of cruise ships are the tallest offshore mechanical hazards, as many as 310 (70.8%) cases of the total cases. The high number of accidents due to mechanical hazards in the offshore activities of cruise ships, more activities which have hazards such as mechanical removal, towing / withdrawal, cutting tools / cutting tools, boat mooring rope roll (rotation of the engine). SPO Ltd Management to pay more attention to the circumstances and conditions of workers, due to the high workload during the cruise ships offshore activities can trigger stress and fatigue. Periodic training of employees is mainly related to the use of job training, hazards in the workplace, because accidents often occur due to lack of knowledge workers in operating the working tools. Safe work culture should be socialized and implemented in order to prevent workers negligent or not knowing the dangers in their work and understand how to work safely.
Kata kunci : Persepsi Risiko, Psikometri, Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Fire accident of crude oil tank is one of major accident event resulting in fatality. A large scale of flammable crude oil tanks is operated by Company Z. This research is a quantitative risk assessment of fire accident on crude oil tank where the risk is defined by measurement of frequency and consequence. Event frequency is calculated based on event tree analysis result of fire accident on tank storage. The fire consequence and its impact to personnel working in control room is measured by using ALOHA software. A flammable crude oil is stored in a fixed cone roof tank located 70 meter from the control room. Major accident events which potentially occur in the facility are pool fire and vapor cloud explosion. Pool fire has significant impact to personnel working in control room based on consequence modelling. Both individual risk and societal risk are assessed based on possible failure scenarios. The risk assessment result of pool fire consequence to personnel within the facility is still within tolerable limit. A consistent implementation of risk control include process safety management should be maintained to ensure risk is always within tolerable risk
This thesis discusses case studies of work accidents due to toxic gas in PT Freeport Indonesia's underground mine. This research is a descriptive design research and the analysis was carried out using the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) method. The results of the study found that there were 3 cases of accidents due to toxic gas in all PTFI underground mining blocks during the 2019-2022 period with risk factors originating from unsafe actions which were categorized in the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), which was divided into four, namely organizational influences, unsafe leadership, precondition for unsafe acts, and unsafe acts. In the study, the results of the failure of the defense system on organizational influence in cases of poison gas poisoning were dominated by the category of resource management totaling 7 failures (57%), contributing factors to the failure of the management system including SOP, safety sign, Planned Inspection, PJO, K3 Policy, Database incident management system and communication when submitting work instructions. . The level of Unsafe Supervision in cases of poison gas poisoning amounted to 11 failures (55%) with dominance by the Supervisory Violation category, contributing factors to management system failure including the Neil George Checklist, Bulkhead Ventilation, Re-entry Checklist, Airlock Door, Vent bag, Supervisor Inspection, Personal Protective Equipment, Supervision in the field, feasibility of the ventilation system at the work site, supervisor's observation of workers regarding the operation of portable gas detectors and work instructions. The level of Precondition for Unsafe Acts in cases of poison gas poisoning was dominated by the Personal Readiness category with 8 failures (38%), contributing factors to management system failure including blasting equipment, PDA, understanding of the language of instruction, emission test of heavy equipment, stop vent checklist and ventilation in the blasting area, ignoring the gas detector alarm. The level of Unsafe Acts in cases of poison gas poisoning amounted to 11 failures (46%) from the dominance of the Violation Routine category, contributing factors to management system failure including chemical handling, inadequate procedures, sign threshold values in one language, dumper vents blocked by mud and the vent bag is damaged, the fixed gas detector has not been calibrated and is covered in mud, inconsistent training evaluations are carried out, barricaded areas, do not follow the re-entry protocol. Companies are advised to evaluate the program for handling accidents caused by toxic gasses.
Kata Kunci: Fault Tree Analysis, Kecelakaan, Tertimpa
This research is a case study of struck by falling tree accident at Gerbatama area, Universitas Indonesia, Depok. The accident which occurred on December 28, 2014 made the motorcyclist and its passenger who crossed the danger zone of the felling site got major and minor injuries on their bodies. This qualitative research aims to search for the causes of the accident.The data was collected through interviews with 7 informants, observation of the accident location, and also literature study. The results showed that human, equipment, environment, and organizational factors contributed to the accident. The Fault Tree Analysis showed that organizational factors were the basic causes of the accident, such as inadequate safety policies implementation, lack of job planning, and also lack of job supervision.
Key words: Accident, Fault Tree Analysis, Struck by
ABSTRAK Industri pertambangan batubara merupakan salah satu industri besar yang banyak menghasilkan devisa bagi Negara dan salah satu jenis industri yang memiliki resiko kecelakaan yang tinggi. Kecelakaan yang terjadi banyak menimbulkan kerugian baik pada manusia maupun harta benda. Kecelakaan yang terjadi disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor yang meliputi perilaku tidak aman (unsafe act) maupun kondisi yang tidak aman (unsafe condition), unsafe act memberikan kontribusi terbesar sebagai penyebab langsung dari terjadinya kecelakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek human error dan karatristiknya terhadap kecelakaan trailer yang terjadi di PT Adaro Indonesia Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus (case study) dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan tujuan memberikan gambaran masalah human error pada kecelakaan trailer yang terjadi selama tahun 2007 di PT Adaro Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder berupa laporan kecelakaan trailer selama tahun 2007. Data yang diperoleh dimasukan dalam dummy table dan analisis dilakukan secara univariat. Untuk melihat mengapa dan bagaimana human error muncul maka dilakukan analisa konten (content analysis). Hasil penelitian adalah terhadap seluruh data kecelakaan trailer selama tahun 2007 yang terjadi di PT Adaro Indonesia diperoleh bahwa unsafe act sebesar 81 % dan unsafe condition sebesar 19 %. Unsafe act terdiri dari human error 97.1 % dan Violations sebesar 20.6 %. Terhadap kasus human error di peroleh bahwa Skill based error 76.5%, Rule based error 14.7 % dan Knowledge based error 44.2 %. Dari masing-masing jenis error selanjutnya dibagi berdasarkan karatristiknya dan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut; Skill based error terdiri dari poor technique (38.2 %), kemudian diikuti oleh mis-ordering (29.4 %), mistiming (20.6 %), intrusion (8.8 %), dan ommision following interuption (5.9 %); untuk rule based error terdiri dari Misapplication of good rule sebesar 11.8 % dan Application of Bad rule sebesar 2.9 %. Dan untuk knowledge based error terdiri dari workspace limitations dan out of sight / out of mind (11.8 %) kemudian berturut – turut problems with causality and complexity dan confirmation bias masing-masing (8.8 %), overconvidence (5.9%) dan selectivity (2.9 %). Jika dilakukan analisis berdasarkan perusahaan kontraktor yang ada di PT Adaro Indonesia maka diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut : skill based error terjadi berturut – turut pada PAMA (29 %), SIS (24 %), RA (15 %), dan BUMA (12 %). Untuk rule based error paling banyak terjadi pada PAMA (5.9 %) dan BUMA, SIS dan RA masing - masing 2.9 %. Untuk jenis knowledge based error paling banyak terjadi pada PAMA (24 %), SIS (8.8 %), RA (5.9 %), dan BUMA (5.9 %). Dari keseluruhan hasil penelitian tersebut maka human error yang paling dominan adalah skill based error, kemudian knowledge based error. Program error prevention sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah terjadinya kasus human error secara berulang. Daftar bacaan: 25 (1980- 2007)
ABSTRACT Coal mining industry is one of big industries that produce yielding foreign exchange for a country. And, it also has high risk of having an accident. An accident that happened can create big loss to humans or properties of a company. The accidents that happened were caused by many factors, such as unsafe act, and unsafe condition. Unsafe act gives the biggest contribution on the cause of an accident. The purpose of the research is to know the aspects of human error and their characteristics of trailer accidents that happened at PT. Adaro Indonesia in South Kalimantan. This research uses case study design with quantitative approach. The purpose of using this approach is to give a bigger picture on human error issue that causes trailer accidents which happened in 2007 at PT. Adaro Indonesia. The data that is used for this research is secondary data that contains reports of trailer accidents in 2007. The data that has been collected is inputted in a dummy table. After that, the data is analyzed unvariat. In order to see why and how human error occurs, then I use content analysis. According to this research that uses data of trailer accidents that happened in 2007 at PT. Adaro Indonesia, the causes of trailer accidents are unsafe act (81%), and unsafe condition (19%). Unsafe act consists of human error (97.1%) and Violations (20.6 %). In human error cases, we can see characteristics, Skill based error 76.5%, Rule based error (14.7%), and Knowledge based error (44.2%). We can divide these errors based on their characteristics. They are: Skill based error consists of poor technique (38.2 %), mis-ordering (29.4 %), mistiming (20.6 %), intrusion (8.8 %), and ommision following interuption (5.9 %). Rule based error consists of Misapplication of good rule (11.8%), and Application of Bad rule (2.9%). And, knowledge based error consists of workspace limitations dan out of sight / out of mind (11.8 %), problems with causality and complexity (8.8%) and confirmationbias (8.8 %), overconvidence (5.9%), and selectivity (2.9 %). If we do analysis to contractor companies at PT. Adaro Indonesia, we cansee: skill based error occurs at PAMA (29 %), SIS (24 %), RA (15 %), and BUMA(12 %); rule based error occurs at PAMA (5.9 %), BUMA (2.9%), SIS (2.9%), andRA (2.9%); knowledge based error occurs at PAMA (24 %), SIS (8.8 %), RA (5.9 %), and BUMA (5.9 %). According to the result of the research, the most dominant characteristic ofhuman error is skill based error. And, it is followed by knowledge based error. Error prevention program is needed to prevent accidents that are caused by human error. References : 25 (1980- 2007)
