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Kata Kunci : kebisingan, konsentrasi, siswa sekolah
Nowdays, transportation and its infrastructure has developed rapidly in order to make people easy to access and to mobilize. However, these developments have a negative impact, such as noise. Exposure to noise might result in health effects, especially in children, including cognitive function disorders such as lowering the concentration. Primary school age is a susceptible group for concentration disorder which may result disruption of other cognitive functions. Several primary schools in Jakarta are located near the busiest railway crossing, where students are exposed to noise during school time. This study analyzes the association between noise and concentration of students in public elementary schools which located near the edge of the railway crossing in Tebet. This study is a cross-sectional study with 68 respondents from 4th and 5th graders. This study measured noise in the classroom, assessing concentration with digit span instrument, and other variables which affect the concentration. Measurement result shows equivalent noise is 66.84 dBA, exceeding the standard of KepMen LH No.48 / 1996 which is 55 dBA for school. Results of bivariate and multivariate analysis showed no significant correlation between noise with student concentration (p-value = 0,78 and p-value = 0,716), however it showed odds ratio 3,285. Although noise and concentration was not significantly correlated, students were experiencing noise exposure> 55 dBA at school, which may lead the students to became susceptible to disturbance due to noise exposure. Recommendations for reducing noise impacts in schools are by doing environmental engineering and for further studies it is recommended to measure noise in the student's residence area and control the variables of psychiatric disturbances and IQ.
Keywords: Noise, Concentration, Students
Introduction: Benzo(a)pyrene is a class of PAH which is classified as a carcinogenic compound (probably carcinogenic) in humans and animals. After exposure, benzo(a)pyrene which enters the human body through inhalation pathways, is directly absorbed in the body and distributed in the lungs, skin, and liver, then binds to DNA, RNA, and protein. After entering the human body and biotransformation, benzo(a)pyrene is excreted in the form of hydroxylated metabolites in urine or feces. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine is the most common metabolite used as exposure biomarkers of benzo(a)pyrene compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene concentration measurements were carried out at three points in each school using tube sorbents with charcoal filters and analyzed using the fluorescence method. Analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine is carried out using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Objective: To see the relationship of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene to urine 1-hydroxypyrene concentration. Method: This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, the sample in this study amounted to 76 people, the sample distribution was made by probability proportional to size (PPS), the sampling used purposive sampling. Results: The average BaP concentration in the indoor air of public elementary schools around the West Jakarta's main road segment is 0.0059 mg/m3, and the average BaP concentration in outdoor air is 0.0031 mg/m3. The average BaP concentration in indoor air in high exposed schools is 5.6 times higher (0.0102 mg/m3) compared to schools exposed to a low exposure (0.0018 mg/m3). The average 1-OHP concentration in the urine of public elementary school students around the West Jakarta main road segment is 12.146 µmol/mol creatinine. The average concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of high-exposed school students was 1.2 times greater (13,363 µmol/mol creatinine) compared to low-exposed schools (10,929 µmol/mol creatinine). Conclusion: The relationship of BaP exposure in indoor air to the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students was positively patterned where there was a positive correlation between BaP exposure in indoor air to an increase in 1-OHP concentration in the urine of students (r = 0.229) meaning higher exposure to indoor air the higher the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students. The results of the statistical test explained that there was a significant relationship between exposure to BaP in indoor air and the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students (p = 0.046).
Pajanan kebisingan terhadap tenaga kerja mcnycbabkan ketulian (gangguan fungsi pcndengaran). Kehilangan daya dengar yang disebabkan oleh kebisingan msrupakan gangguan kesehatan yang tidak dapat diobati. Terjadinya ketulian pada tenaga kenja di industri maka kehilangan alat komunikasi yang dapat mcnyebabkan teljadinya kesalahan pelaksanaan kerja. Industri baterai PT ABC lntercalinc Indonesia mcrupakan industri yang memiliki bagian-bagian dimana intensitas kebisingannya di atas baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pajanan kebisingan terhadap penurunan iimgsi pendengaran tenaga kerja PT. ABC. Intercalline Indonesia. Rancangan penclitian ini adalah kohor retrospektif dcngan membagi daerah terpajan dan tidak terpajan yaitu bagian yang intensitas kcbisingannya lebih dari 85 desibel dan bagian yang kurang dari 85 desibel. .Iumlah sampel pada masing-masing daerah adalah 80, sehingga total sampel 160 dari seluruh pekerja populasi 480 tenaga ke1ja. Daerah terpajan dipilih bagian Produksi, Komponen, Sinc Slug dan Alkaline dan daerah tidak terpajan dipilih bagian Mekanik dan Jaket. Data yang terkumpul selanjutnya di analisis secara univariat, bivariat menggunakan Chi-Square dan multivariat menggunakan Regresi Logistik. Pada analisa bivariat ditemukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara penurunan fungsi pendengaran dengan intensitas kebisingan dan penggunaan APT. Sedangkan variabel lain yaitu masa kenja, umur dan riwayat penyakit tidak menunj ukkan adanya hubungan yang bennakna. Hasil analisa multivariat mendapatkan variabel yang berhubungan dengan penurunan fungsi pendengaran adalah intensitas pendengaran, penggunaan APT dan interaksi kcbisingan-APT. Pada kelompok yeng bekenja di tempat bising, besamya risiko mengalami penurunan fungsi pendengaran bagi yang tidak menggunakan APT sebesar 24,2 kali. Sedangkan yang selalu menggunakan APT, tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bcrmakna. Pada kelompok yang tidak menggunakan APT, bekexja di tempal bising memberikan risiko sebesar 18,92 kali untuk mengalami penurunan fungsi pendengaran. Sedangkan yang bekerja di tempat lidak bising, tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna. Dari hasil peneletian ini didapatkan bahwa penggunaan APT dapat memuunkan risio teljadinya penurunan fungsi pendcngaran. Sehingga disarankan kepada pekerja untuk selalu menggunakan APT. Kepada perusahaan, disarankan untuk mewajibkan penggunaan APT, sedangkan APT yang disarankan adalah earplug.
Noise exposure to labour cause decrease of hearing function. Lose hearing energy which is because of noise represent the health trouble which cannot be cured. The happening of deafness at labour in industry hence loss of communication means which can cause the happening of mistake of job execution. Industrial battery of PT ABC Intercaline Indonesia represent the industry owning shares of where its noise intensity above permanent of quality which have been specified. This research purpose is to know the influence of noise exposure to degradation of hearing function at labour PT. ABC. Interealline Indonesia. This research used a cohort retrospektif design by dividing exposure area and non-exposure area that is shares which its noise intensity more than 85 desible and shares which less than 85 desible. Sum up the sampel at each areas are 80, so that totalize the sampel 160 from all population worker 480 labour. Exposure area selected by Production unit, Component unit, Sine Slug unit and Alkaline unit and non-exposure area selected by Mechanic unit and Jacket unit. Then collected data analysed in univariat analysis, bivariate analysis use Chi-Square methode and multivariate analysis use the logistic regretion. At bivariate analysis found noise exposure have a meaning correlation with the hearing trouble, use the APT correlation with the hearing trouble, while the other variables ; year of service, age and disease history do not show the existence of relationship with the degradation of hearing function At multivariate analysis known the most dominant factor have an effect on to the happening of hearing function degradation is noisy intensity ( 10,48 times), while use the APT with the degradation of hearing function have opportunity ( 8,08 times). To decrease the risk of hearing function degradation at labour suggested to always to use the APT. Suggested APT is earplug.
Kata kunci: PM10, Analisis Risiko, Industri Beton
KATA KUNCI : DIARE, FAKTOR RISIKO, KASUS KONTROL
THE NUMBER OF DIARRHEA SUFFERERS IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN THE WORKING AREA OF PUSKESMAS KECAMATAN MAKASAR INCREASED FROM 2014 TO 2016. KEBON PALA VILLAGE BECAME THE BIGGEST CONTRIBUTOR OF ALL DIARRHEA CASES. THE NUMBER OF DIARRHEA SUFFERERS IN THE WORK AREA OF KEBON PALA PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER IN 2014 AMOUNTED TO 182 CASES AND THEN INCREASED IN 2015 BY 251 CASES AND DECREASED IN 2016 BY 238 CASES. THIS STUDY AIMS TO DETERMINE THE RISK FACTORS OF DIARRHEA OCCURRENCE IN INFANTS IN THE WORKING AREA OF KEBON PALA PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER. THE CASE STUDY DESIGN WAS CASE CONTROL. THE CASE WAS DIARRHEA SUFFERER RECORDED IN THE PUSKESMAS REGISTER FOR THE LAST 14 DAYS WHILE THE STUDY TOOK PLACE AND THE CONTROL WAS NEIGHBORING CASE. THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES OF EACH CONTROL AND CASE ARE 60 RESPONDENTS. DATA WAS COLLECTED BY DIRECT INTERVIEW AND OBSERVATION USING QUESTIONNAIRE. THE QUESTIONNAIRE CONTAINS QUESTIONS ON HANDWASHING BEHAVIOR WITH SOAP, EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING, CLEAN WATER SOURCES, TOILET FACILITIES AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HANDWASHING WITH SOAP (P 0.005, OR 5,107), EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING (P VALUE 0.005, OR 4.030), TOILET FACILITIES (P VALUE 0.022, OR 2,993) AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES NIALI P 0,003; OR 3,406) WITH THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN INFANTS
KEY WORDS: DIARRHEA, RISK FACTORS, CASE CONTROL
