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The Emergency Department (ED) has already known as the gateway and the reflection of services given by the hospital which is suppose to be fast accurate and qualified without neglecting the pntient's safety. As the problem is more and more complicated regarding to services at the ED, therefore, a study is needed in order to explore how the quality of the service management is, as well as the input and process factors influenced at the ED of RK Charitas Hospital of Palembang. The research is a qualitative study with the Problem Solving Approach as the strategy of the study. The study is carried out at the ED of RK Charitas Hospital from March to April 2008 with an in-depth interview, direct observation and documents assessment (secondary data exploration), as the method of infonnation eolleetion. The study is using the Problem Priority Matrix in order to find the problem solving prioritizing base on the magnitude of benefit yielded from effort required. There are five problems in the three first order, namely ; time for picking-up inpatient care at the ED still too long, inadequate quality of doctor and nurse at the ED, in adequate amount of nurses, and inadequancy on triase implementation at the ED of RK Charitas Hospital of Palembang. It was suggested the existence of coordination between medical directorates and nursing to minimize time of patient?s transfer from ED to inpatient care unit, giving education and training for doctor and nurse at ED, adding nurse worker at ED, assuring triase implementation and opening an incidental unit near ED at the time of outpatient unit is closed.
ABSTRAK Nama : Noer Triyanto Rusli Program Studi : Kajian Administrasi Rumah Sakit Judul : Analisis Biaya dan Faktor-Faktor Penentu Inefisiensi Layanan Hemodialisis Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Rumah Sakit RK Charitas Palembang Tahun 2016 Diberlakukannya JKN di rumah sakit mengubah sistem pembayaran dari pembayaran secara retrospektif (fee for service) menjadi sistem pembayaran prospektif (INA-CBG’s) Sebagai salah satu fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, RS RK Charitas mempunyai peranan untuk memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas namun tetap memperhatikan cost effective pelayanan yang diberikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis biaya dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penentu inefisiensi layanan hemodialisis pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik di RS RK Charitas. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis biaya menggunakan pendekatan Activity Based Costing (ABC) dengan metode “Bottom Up”. Metode ABC untuk mengalokasikan biaya dengan mengidentifikasi pemicu biaya (cost driver) penyebab terjadinya biaya layanan hemodialisis. Beban biaya operasional merupakan beban yang terbesar dalam penyelenggaraan layanan hemodialisis. Analisis faktor-faktor penyebab inefisiensi dilakukan dengan perhitungan Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Komposisi value added (VA) dibanding non value added (NVA) adalah 17.73%:82.27%. Implementasi lean pada layanan hemodialisis dapat mengeliminasi pemborosan. Kata kunci: Analisis biaya, metode ABC, implementasi lean
ABSTRACT Name : Noer Triyanto Rusli Programme : Hospital Administration Title : Analysis of Cost and Determinants of Inefficiency of Hemodialysis Services for Patients with Chronic Renal Failure at RK Charitas Hospital Palembang 2016 Enactment of JKN in hospital changes the payment system from retrospective payment (fee for service) into prospective payment (INA-CBG's). As a healthcare facility, RK Charitas Hospital has a role to provide not only quality but also to consider cost effective of services. This study aimed to analyze costs and identify the determinants of the inefficiency of hemodialysis services in patients with chronic renal failure at RK Charitas Hospital. This is a descriptive analysis research using primary and secondary data. Approach of cost analysis is Activity Based Costing (ABC) with "Bottom Up" method. ABC method is used to allocate costs by identifying cost drivers of hemodialysis services. Operational cost is the biggest expense in the hemodialysis services. Analysis of the inefficiency factors uses the calculation of Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The composition of value added (VA) compared to non-value added (NVA) is 17.73%: 82.27%. Lean implementation on hemodialysis services could eliminate waste. Key words: Cost analysis, ABC method, lean implementation
Waiting time is one indicator of health services. The increase in waiting time in the Emergency Department (ED) has an impact on longer treatment days, increased mortality and reduced patient satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of stay for services at the emergency department of the Tangerang General Hospital using lean method to determine waste at each stage of activity. This research method is operational research with qualitative and quantitative approaches, primary data sources taken from direct observation using time motion study techniques and in-depth interviews. The waiting time at the ER at the Tangerang Regency General Hospital is 852.92 minutes for inpatients and 564.24 minutes for outpatients. The length of time for each service is as follows: triage is 11.83 minutes, waiting time for an emergency room doctor examination is 32.25 minutes, drug administration time and action is 22.33 minutes, waiting time for laboratory examination is 106.07 minutes, waiting time for examination radiology 140.15 minutes, waiting time for specialist doctor consultation 146.54 minutes, waiting time for inpatient registration 164.8 minutes, waiting time for inpatient admission 58.5 minutes, patient administration time going home 89.6 minutes. The largest nonvalued added activity is waiting for specialist consultations. Found 2 types of waste, namely waiting (93.3%) and motion (6.7%). After conducting an analysis using the 5 why method, the root of the problem was found in the number of nurses, not yet maximally carrying out tupoksi, hospital information system applications that are less user friendly, specialist doctors are not standby and consultation SOPs are not optimally run, lack of clinical experience of doctors ER, as well as the unavailability of the ward. The conclusion, t the waiting time in the ER at the Tangerang General Hospital exceeds the standard time (4 hours). The lean approach is appropriate to look for waste in health service activities so that problem solving efforts can be obtained to improve service waiting times in the IGD RSU Tangerang Gneral Hospital
Emergency department (ED) is a part of hospital which giving advancedservices. In dr. Mohammad Hoesin (RSMH) Palembang hospital already own anemergency department based on SK director of the hospital whom establishes theorganizational structure, duties and responsibilities, vision and mission, and standardoperating procedures emergency services. ED RSMH Palembang is lead by aspecialist urology and assisted by two heads of the room. Standard service of ED hasimplementing service standards according to accreditation standards KARS 2012.ED in the hospital arranged Indonesian health minister No.865/Menkes/SK/IX/2009 about ED standards. The head of health minister regulatesthe standardization of emergency services at the hospital, which managing standardorganizations, human resources, services, completeness infrastructure in ED. RSMHPalembang has been implemented specialist doctors duty on site in the ER sinceJanuary, 30th 2014 as a follow-up of the head of the Indonesian health minister. Eversince implemented a policy specialist on duty in the ER site still found thecompliance of the doctors are still not optimal and although the quality of service hasimproved in line with acreditation hospital KARS version 2012.This research aims to determine how the implementation of policy specialistsdoctors on site in the ER has been implemented in accordance with the expectedgoals in accordance with the head of health minister. Research done with qualitativemethod by performing in-depth interviews on informants. Informants interviewed areRSMH Palembang board of directors, chairman of the medical committee, chieffinancial officer, head of the ED room and specialist doctors. Assessment interviewresults are using logical framework policy implementation model George Edward IIIwith variable resources, communications, disposition and organizational structure.From the results of this study, the implementation of policy specialist doctorson site guard has not run well, due to the communication factor, disposition andorganizational structure has not been going well and much needed resource support.The given proposal is the addition of appropriate power and competence standards,the revised SOP, provision of communication media, improvement of facilities,improving the coordination and monitoring functions regularly, advocacy to the headof the Indonesian health minister.Keywords:Implementation, Emergency Department, George Edward III
Metode : Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dengan tipe penelitian kombinasi Sequential Explenatory Desain (Sugiyono, 2012), dimana pengumpulan dan analisis data terdiri dari 2 tahap yaitu: 1. pengumpulan dan analisis data kuantitatif pada tahap pertama (Pengumpulan data melalui kuisioner dilakukan untuk mengetahui mutu pelayanan Rumah Sakit RK Charitas, melalui penggunaan Kriteria Baldrige) 2. pengumpulan dan analisis data kualitatif pada tahap ke dua (melakukan wawancara untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih utuh terhadap hasil pengumpulan data melalui kuisioner).
Hasil : Dari hasil penelitan, didapatkan seluruh variabel (Kepemimpinan, Perencanaan Strategi, Fokus Pelanggan, Fokus Sumber daya manusia, Fokus Proses, Pengukuran-analisa dan manajemen pengetahuan) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi kinerja rumah sakit. Didapatkan dari tujuh kriteria Malcolm Baldridge, terdapat 3 variabel yang memiliki nilai diatas total rerata, dan 4 kriteria memiliki nilai dibawah total rerata. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan variabel kepemimpinan merupakan variabel yang memiliki nilai rata-rata terendah iii dibandingkan variabel lainnya. Pada variabel kepemimpinan, dinilai peran kepemimpinan dalam transparasi, supevisi, kaderisasi di masa yang akan datang, serta proses perencanaan dan pengelolaan perencanaan strategi dinilai kurang optimal.
Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dibuat oleh peneliti, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa mutu pelayanan Rumah Sakit Charitas dikaji berdasarkan integrasi TQM dan Six Sigma melalui pendekatan Malcolm Baldridge, perlu ditingkatkan. Dimana terdapat 4 (empat) variabel yang memiliki nilai rata-rata lebih rendah dari total nilai rata-rata 7 (tujuh) variabel dalam Kriteria Malcolm Baldridge. Empat kriteria tersebut ialah kepemimpinan, perencanaan strategi, manajemen sumber daya manusia, serta pengukuran, analisis dan manajemen.Variabel yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian besar karena memiliki nilai yang paling rendah ialah variabel kepemimpinan dan perencanaan strategi. Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil wawancara mendalam, peran yang paling besar dalam peningkatan kinerja ialah peran kepemimpinan. Dilihat dari hasil pencapaian indikator kinerja RS. Charitas yang mengalami penurunan tiga tahun terakhir, tidak sejalan dengan hasil kuantitatif yang dicapai pada kriteria variabel kinerja rumah sakit, dimana menghasilkan nilai yang baik. Salah satu penyebabnya ialah ketidakselarasan antara program kerja dan target unit dengan rencana strategi yang telah ditetapkan. Hal ini dipertegas melalui wawancara mendalam, rencana strategi yang telah ditetapkan tidak secara menyeluruh disosialisasikan ke unit-unit. Sehingga tujuan dari program kerja seringkali ditemukan tidak sejalan dengan rencana strategi yang telah ditetapkan, yang berpengaruh pada perbedaan persepsi pencapaian kinerja unit dengan kinerja rumah sakit secara keseluruhan. Selain itu ditemukan tidak adanya pedoman penilaian kinerja unit.Maka melalui penelitian ini diharapkan penerapan Integrasi TQM dan Six Sigma untuk mencapai kinerja rumah sakit melalui: meningkatkan peran kepemimpinan di rumah sakit; mengembangkan dan melaksanakan rencana strategis yang optimal; meningkatkan kemampuan untuk fokus terhadap pasien/pelanggan; memberikan perhatian tinggi terhadap pengelolaan dan pemberdayaan karyawan; mengembangkan; meningkatkan sistem dan proses dalam pelaksanaan pelayanan; serta melaksanakan upaya mutu berkelanjutan dengan menekankan pada pengukuran melalui indikator-indikator individu, unit maupun rumah sakit serta mengembangkan sistem informasi yang akurat.
Kata kunci : Mutu Rumah Sakit, TQM, Six SIGMA, Malcolm Baldridge
Background : Hospital as an organization working in the field of public health services increasingly demanded to provide better health services (Muchtar, 2011). Excellent service and quality will have an impact on patient satisfaction and impact on customer loyalty to the improvement of services offered. One measure of the achievement of the quality of a service is the loyalty of consumers. Charitas Hospital, there is a decline in customer loyalty from the year 2013 to 2015 by 80%. It was determined by a decrease in the quality indicators that BOR, LOS, TOI, GDR, NDR which dropped on the last three years (Data RS-Caritas, 2016). It is known that the quality management TQM and Six Sigma have each proven concepts and empirical as continuous quality improvement methods that can help improve the performance of organizations including hospitals. How is the quality of service at the Charitas Hospital observed from the criteria Malcolm Baldrige Criteria with the integration of TQM and Six Sigma approach?
Method : The method used is quantitative and qualitative research methods, combination of the research type Explenatory Sequential Design (Sugiyono, 2012), where the data collection and analysis consists of two phases: 1. The collection and analysis of quantitative data on the first stage (The data was collected through a questionnaire conducted to determine the quality of RK Charitas Hospital services, through the use of Baldrige Criteria) 2. the collection and analysis of qualitative data in the second phase (conducting interviews to get a fuller picture of the data collected through questionnaires). v
Results : From the research results, obtained all the variables (Leadership, Strategic Planning, Customer Focus, Focus Human Resources, Process Focus, Measurementanalysis and knowledge management) had a significant association in influencing the performance of the hospital. Obtained from seven Malcolm Baldridge criteria, there are three variables that have a total value above the average, and four criterias have a value below the total average. From the results, the leadership variable is a variable that have the lowest average value compared to other variables. In the leadership variable, assessed a leadership role in transparency, supervision, regeneration in the future, as well as the planning and management processes were considered less optimal than strategy planning.
Conclusions : Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the quality of service of Charitas Hospital assessed based on the integration of TQM and Six Sigma approach Malcolm Baldridge, needs to be improved. Where there are 4 (four) variables that have an average value is lower than the total average value of 7 (seven) variables in the Malcolm Baldridge Criteria. Four of these criteria are leadership, strategic planning, human resources management, as well as measurement, analysis and mangement.Variable that needs great attention because it has the lowest value are leadership and strategic planning. In addition, based on the results of in-depth interviews, the greatest role in performance enhancement is the role of leadership. Judging from the results of the achievement of performance indicators Charitas Hospital which has decreased for the last three years, is not in line with the quantitative results achieved on hospital performance variable criteria, which produces a good value. One reason is the misalignment between the work program and the target unit with a strategic plan that has been set. This is confirmed through in-depth interviews, plan strategies that have been set are not thoroughly socialized into units. So the purpose of this work program are often found to be not in line with the strategic plan that has been set, which affects the perception of differences in the achievement of the unit's performance with the performance of the hospital as a whole. Also found no performance appraisal guidelines unit. So through this research are expected application of TQM and Six Sigma integration to achieve vi performance of hospitals through: increasing the role of leadership in the hospital; developing and implementing a strategic plan that is optimal; improving the ability to focus on patient/customer; giving high attention to the management and employee empowerment; developing, improving the systems and processes in service delivery; and implementing continuous quality efforts with emphasis on measuring through indicators of individual, unit or hospital and developing accurate information system.
Keywords : Hospital Quality, TQM, Six SIGMA, Malcolm Baldridge
Rumah sakit merupakan organisasi yang padat modal, padat karya, padat sumber daya dan sarat akan resiko-resiko. Bagi rumah sakit yang tidak mempersiapkan diri untuk mencegah kejadian-kejadian yang berpotensi teJjadinya resiko medis akan mengalami tuntutan hukum dan mengalami kerugian-kerugian secara finasial. Pengelolaan dan antisipasi resiko medis harus ditunjang oleh pengetahuan, sikap dan hubungan sosial tenaga kesehatan mengenai kesalahan medis untuk menghlndari dampak yang mcrugikan pasien tenaga kesehatan dan rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap dan hubungan sosial tenaga kesehatan terhadap kesalahan medis serta mengetahui keadaan sarana dan prasarana di unit gawat darurat. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah sakit Bhakti Husada dengan 10 informan yang terdiri dari para Kepala Ruang unit gawat darurat, Ketua Tim Perawat unit gawat darurat, dokter pelaksana dan perawat pelaksana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif yang kemudian dilakukan wawancara mendalam, telaah dokumen dan pengisian kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan dengan membandingkan basil penelitian dengan teori-teori kepustakaan(Content analysis). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar informan untuk pengetahuan mengenai defenisi, macam tipe dan proses serta sumber-sumber kesalahan medis medis secara umum pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan telah satu pendapat atau satu persepsi terhadap kesalahan medis. Untuk sikap informan mengenai dampak dan upaya-upaya pencegahan kesalahan medis mempunyai respon yang positip dengan mendukung program keselamatan pasien yang telah dilakukan rumah sakit Bhakti Husada. Hubungan sosial tenaga kesehatan secara umum mereka sudah terbentuk dalam hal komunikasi antar tenaga kesehatan sudah terjalin baik dan berkelanjutan dengan adanya forum diskusi sebagai upaya membentuk kebersarnaan dan satu pendapat dalam melakukan tindakan medis dan menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang timbal balik dengan saling memberi dan mengawasi dalam setiap melaksanakan tugasnya. Dari hasil penelitian ini disaraukan untuk manajemen rumah sakit lebih memperhatikan unit gawat darurat dalam memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh Departemen Kesehatan dalam dalam hal fasilitas dan peralatan medis, meningkatkan pengetahuan tenaga kesehatan dengan memberikan pelatihan-pelatihan keselamatan pasien secara periodik. Peran kepala ruang unit gawat darurat diharapkan lebih meningkatkan pengawasan pelaksanaan (Standard operating procedure) SOP sebagai upaya mengetahui hal-hal apa saja yang selama ini dilakukannya yang dapat berpotensi menimbulkan kesalahan medis.
Hospital is an organization with full of complexity of things and high risk. For several hospitals with un-preparation them selves to avoiding some incidents which has potential high risks probably will get law problem and also will get financial losses. Managerial and anticipating of medical risks, must be completed with good attitude, good knowledge, and good social relationship of medical employees to avoiding incident or action which dangerous for patient, medical employees and also for the hospital it self. This research is aimed to understand the knowledge, attitude and social relationship of medical employees. Research done in the hospital Bhakti Husada involving 10 (ten) information sources consist from head of emergency room, team leader of nurse, doctors and nurse implementer. Research method used are both qualitative and quantitative method and later make in-depth interview, filling in questioners and document analysis. Data analysis was performed using comparing results of research to literature theory (Content analysis). It was found of the research that the knowledge of the information about definition, type of medical error and source of medical error were good general. Attitude from information about impact of medical error and prevention of medical error has positive response with supporting patient safety program which has done by the hospital Bhakti Husada. While social relationship of medical employees in general already has good communication and good team work. From this research, it is advisable for the hospital management more pay attention to emergency room to get standard from health of department about facilities and medical equipment, arrange routine schedule training about patient safety and emergency program. Head of emergency room always supervise the implementation of standard operating procedure to avoid and prevent of medical action which can be occurred as medical error. File Digital: 1
