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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka kematian ibu dan neonatus di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, termasuk kualitas pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA) yang belum mencapai target. Kinerja bidan desa, sebagai ujung tombak pelayanan, dipandang sebagai salah satu faktor krusial yang dapat ditingkatkan melalui supervisi dari bidan koordinator puskesmas. Meskipun demikian, data menunjukkan pelaksanaan supervisi fasilitatif KIA di provinsi Jambi pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 baru mencapai 10.86% dan 17.38% dari target 90%. Khususnya di kabupaten Muaro Jambi, capaiannya lebih rendah lagi, yaitu 11.64% (2022) dan 15.07% (2023). Kesenjangan ini menunjukkan perlunya intervensi strategis untuk meningkatkan kualitas supervisi demi mengoptimalkan kinerja bidan dalam pelayanan KIA.
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh model integrasi midwifery opinion leader dan supervisi fasilitatif terhadap kinerja bidan dan dampaknya pada cakupan pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak di Provinsi Jambi tahun 2025.
Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mixed methods exploratory sequential design terdiri dari 3 tahap yaitu tahap I diawali scoping review, studi pendahuluan dan uji coba instrumen dilanjutkan identifikasi kebutuhan model menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain phenomenology. Tahap II meliputi pengembangan model, panel expert, pelatihan dan uji coba model. Tahap III dilakukan uji model terhadap kinerja bidan dengan indikator standar kompetensi kinerja (SKK) dan cakupan pelayanan KIA dengan penelitian quasi experiment pretest-posttest with control designs. Populasi adalah seluruh bidan desa/pustu di provinsi Jambi. Sampel yaitu kelompok intervensi sebanyak 60 responden (di kabupaten Muaro Jambi) dilakukan intervensi model integrasi MOL dan supervisi fasilitatif, sedangkan kelompok kontrol 60 responden (di kota Jambi) dilakukan hanya supervisi fasilitatif. Waktu penelitian pada bulan Mei 2024 hingga Agustus 2025, analisis data dengan univariat, bivariat dan multivariat (Difference in Difference).
Hasil: Berdasarkan identifikasi kebutuhan ditemukan subtema: kinerja bidan, kebutuhan supervisi dan model supervisi. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengembangan model supervisi dengan pendekatan teori COM-B, supportif supervision, midwifery leadership dan coaching sehingga diperoleh model midwifery opinion leader (MOL) yang dapat diintegrasikan dengan program supervisi fasilitatif KIA puskesmas. Hasil uji penerimaan model diperoleh hasil skor tertinggi yaitu sikap terhadap penggunaan rata-rata 4.9 dan terendah yaitu persepsi manfaat dengan skor 4.71. Hasil analisis diff in diff diketahui pada 2 kelompok sebelum dan sesudah intervensi terhadap skor standar kompetensi kerja: penataan pelayanan 1.36(0.24-1.60), asuhan bayi baru lahir 2.36(0.75-3.12) pemeriksaan kehamilan 1.33(0.48-1.82), pemeriksaan ibu bersalin 1.93(1.72-3.65) dan asuhan ibu nifas 1.43(0.30-1.74).Uji dampak model terhadap cakupan KIA yaitu: kunjungan ibu hamil ke-4 (K4)18.25(3.83-22.08), persalinan nakes (PN) 15.53(3.47-19.00), kunjungan nifas (KNF) 15.59(3.41-19.00), kunjungan neonatal lengkap (KNL) 14.35(9.97-24.33), kunjungan bayi (KBY) 19.08 (7.26-26.35) dan kunjungan balita (KBAL) 5.81 (16.14-21.95).
Kesimpulan dan Saran: Model integrasi Midwifery Opinion Leader (MOL) dan supervisi fasilitatif berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan kinerja bidan dalam pelayanan KIA. Disarankan mempertimbangkan model ini dalam kegiatan program supervisi kesehatan ibu dan anak di Puskesmas.
ABSTRACT
Background: The high maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Indonesia are influenced by various factors, including the quality of maternal and child health (MCH) services, which have not yet reached their targets. The performance of village midwives, as the frontline of service delivery, is seen as a crucial factor that can be improved through supervision by health center coordinator midwives. However, data shows that the implementation of facilitative MCH supervision in Jambi province in 2022 and 2023 has only reached 10.86% and 17.38% of the 90% target. In Muaro Jambi district, in particular, the achievement was even lower, at 11.64% (2022) and 15.07% (2023). This gap indicates the need for strategic interventions to improve the quality of supervision in order to optimize the performance of midwives in MCH services.
Objective: To determine the effect of the midwifery opinion leader integration model and facilitative supervision on midwives' performance and its impact on the coverage of maternal and child health services in Jambi Province in 2025.
Research Method: This research is a mixed methods exploratory sequential design consisting of 3 stages, namely stage I, which begins with a scoping review, preliminary study, and instrument testing, followed by the identification of model requirements using a qualitative method with a phenomenology design. Stage II includes model development, expert panel, training, and model testing. Phase III involved testing the model on midwives' performance using standard competency performance (SKK) indicators and MCH service coverage using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control designs. The population consisted of all village midwives/health workers in Jambi Province. The sample consisted of an intervention group of 60 respondents (in Muaro Jambi district) who underwent the MOL integration model intervention and facilitative supervision, while the control group of 60 respondents (in Jambi city) only underwent facilitative supervision. The research period was from May 2024 to August 2025, with data analysis using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate (Difference in Difference) methods.
Results: Based on the identification of needs, the following sub-themes were found: midwife performance, supervision needs, and supervision models. Subsequently, a supervision model was developed using the COM-B theory, supportive supervision, midwifery leadership, and coaching approaches, resulting in a midwifery opinion leader (MOL) model that can be integrated with the KIA puskesmas facilitative supervision program. The model acceptance test results showed the highest score for attitude toward use, with an average of 4.9, and the lowest score for perceived benefits, with a score of 4.71. The results of the diff in diff analysis showed that in the two groups before and after the intervention, the standard work competency scores were: service management 1.36 (0.24-1.60), newborn care 2.36 (0.75-3.12), pregnancy check-ups 1.33 (0.48-1.82), maternity check-ups 1.93 (1.72-3.65), and postpartum care 1.43 (0.30-1.74). The model's impact on MCH coverage was as follows: fourth antenatal visit (K4) 18.25 (3.83-22.08), skilled birth attendance (PN) 15.53 (3.47-19.00), postnatal visit (KNF) 15.59 (3.41-19. 00), complete neonatal visits (KNL) 14.35 (9.97-24.33), infant visits (KBY) 19.08 (7.26-26.35), and toddler visits (KBAL) 5.81 (16.14-21.95).
Conclusion and Recommendations: The integration model of Midwifery Opinion Leader (MOL) and facilitative supervision has an impact on improving midwives' performance in maternal and child health services. It is recommended to consider this model in maternal and child health supervision program activities at health centers.
Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Indonesia, khususnya Kabupaten Bogor masih tergolong tinggi. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), salah satu penilaian pada praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI, merupakan salah satu determinan utama dalam kejadian stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan MAD dan faktor lainnya dengan kejadian stunting pada anak umur 6-23 bulan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohor prospektif data penelitian Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak (TKA) yang dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2012 di Kota Bogor. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak umur 6-23 bulan pada studi kohor TKA yang dilakukan pengukuran berulang secara lengkap. Anak yang lahir pada pada tahun 2012-2017 dan diikuti hingga umur 23 bulan (pada tahun 2014-2019).
Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini ialah anak stunting yang diamati pada saaat usia 12, 18 dan 24 bulan. Variabel independen utama pada penelitian ini ialah MAD yang diamati pada rentang umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 bulan.
Hasil: Prevalensi stunting dalam penelitian ini masih cukup tinggi yaitu anak umur 12 bulan (23,8%), 18 bulan (33,2%) dan 24 bulan (24,6%). Capaian MAD tidak adekuat paling banyak terjadi pada anak umur 6-11 bulan (77,9%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa MAD umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 tidak berhubungan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak umur 12,18 dan 24 bulan.. Analisis Multivariat Regresi Cox menunjukkan stunted usia sebelumnya dan asupan protein mempengaruhi terjadinya stunting.
Kesimpulan: Upaya lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk capaian MAD yang direkomendasikan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan untuk mencegah stunting. Studi skala besar untuk mengeksplorasi peran MAD dalam mengurangi stunting dan studi kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi kendala dan faktor yang mempengaruhi praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak yang lebih baik sangat penting untuk perbaikan program.
The prevalence of stunting among children under-fives in Indonesia, particularly in Bogor, West Java, is still relatively high. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), one of the assesments on the practice of complementary feeding is one of the main determinants of stunting. This study aims to examine the relationship between MAD and other factors with the incidennce of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Methods: This research method uses a prospective cohort study design from the Cohort of Growth and Development of children (TKA) research data which has been carried out since 2012 in Bogor City.
The sample of this study was children aged 6-23 months in the TKA cohort study whio underwent complete repeated measurements. Children born in 2012-2017 and followed up to 23 months of age (in 2014-2019).
The dependent variables were stunted children at ages 6-11, 12-17. 18-23 and 24 months. The main independent variable was Minimum Acceptable Diet at the age interval of 6-11, 12-17, and 18-23 months. The data collection on the MDD, the MMF, and the MAD used twenty-four-hour dietary recall. Result: Prevalence of stunting was higher for child aged 12 months (41,7%) than for those in 18 months (8,1%) and 24 months (4,0%) category. Inadequate MAD achievement was most common in children aged 6-11 months (41.7%). Bivariate analysis showed that fulfilment MAD aged 6-11, 12-17 and 18-23 were not associated with stunting. Multivariate analysis Cox Regression indicated that stunted early age and protein intake were significantly associated with stunting.
Conclusion: More efforts need to be done to achieve the recommended MAD for all children aged between 6-23 months and to prevent stunting. Large scale studies to explore the role of MAD in reducing stunting and qualitative studies to identify the constraints and promoting factors to better infant and young child feeding practices are imperative for programme improvement.
Kata kunci :Penggunaan Obat Rasional, Kepatuhan Petugas
This thesis discusses the compliance officer the good with the bad for herbehavior in delivering drugs rational or irrational in children under five withpneumonia and diarrhea diseases. This research is a quantitative study with cross-sectional design. The results stated that there are many officers who gave the drugis not rational is above 60% and is recommended for SOP made in the provisionof treatment in accordance with the standard drug Rationality
Keywords:Rational Drug Use, Compliance Officer
Gizi buruk merupakan kekurangan gizi tingkat berat terutama pada anak-anak dibawah umur lima tahun (balita) dan merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama di Indonesia yang perlu ditanggulangi karena berdampak terhadap kesehatan dan Human Devolopment Index manusia Indonesia 15-20 tahun yang akan datang.Masalah gizi memiliki dimensi yang luas, tidak hanya merupakan masalah kesehatan tetapi juga meliputi masalah sosia}, ekonomi, budaya, pola asuh, pendidikan dan lingkungan. Faktor pencetus munculnya masalah gizi dapat berbeda antara wilayah ataupun antara kelompok masyarakat, bahkan akar masalah ini dapat berbeda antara kelompok usia balita.Kondisi krisis ekonomi sejak tahun 1997 dan terus berkelanjutan sampai saat ini, menyebabkan daya beli pada masyarakat secara umum menjadi menurun, karena disatu pihak relatif banyak yang kehilangan sumber mata pencaharian sementara dipihak lain adanya peningkatan harga barang dan jasa. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan dampak buruk terhadap kesehatan dan gizi masyarakat, terutama balita. Masalah gizi pada anak balita di provinsi Riau dari tahun ke tahun cenderung meningkat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor status ekonomi keluarga dengan terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita umur 6 bulan sampai < 5 tahun di Kabupaten Kampar Riau tahun 2002, dengan variabel kovariatnya yaitu riwayat diare, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu, umur balita, jenis kelamin, jumlah anggota keluarga, pekerjaan ayah, pekerjaan ibu, pengetahuan ibu, dan pemberian ASI ekslusif.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian bservasional dengan metoda kasus kontrol. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu-ibu yang mempunyai anak balita umur 6-59 bulan dengan status gizi buruk saat penelitian, dan sebagai kontrolnya adalah ibu dengan balita gizi baik (148 kasus dan 148 kontrolnya). Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Kampar Riau. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik.Hasil uji analisis logistik diketahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara status ekonomi keluarga dengan terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita di Kabupaten Kampar Riau (p=0,0001) dengan OR 2,8599 (95% CI: 1,7176 - 4,7619 ). Dari hasil perhitungan dampak potensial diketahui bahwa status eknomi keluarga (keluarga miskin) mempunyai kontribusi sebesar 47% sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya gizi buruk balita, artinya jika faktor ini dihilangkan maka akan dapat dicegah terjadinya gizi buruk pada balita sebesar 47%.Disimpulkan bahwa status ekonomi keluarga mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan terjadinya gizi buruk pada anak balita, untuk itu dalam upaya penanggulangan dan pencegahan masalah gizi agar memberikan perhatian dan penekanan kepada variabel status ekonomi keluarga (kemiskinan), dengan melakukan upaya terpadu. Dalam pemilihan dan perencanaan upaya yang berkaitan dengan masalah gizi buruk ini agar mempertimbangkan ukuran dampak potensial yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya kasus gizi buruk pada anak balita.
The Relationship Between Family Economical Status and The Incidence of Severe Malnutrition Cases Among Children of Under five Years in Kabupaten Kampar Riau Province 2002Severe Malnutrition is the chronic nutrient deficiency, which usually occurs at under five years old children. It also the main nutrient problems in Indonesia that should have to decline and reducing its effects to health and Indonesians Human Development Index for the next 15 - 20 years.The nutrition problem has a very wide dimension, not just public health problems but also social, economic, culture, care, education, and environment. The ignitions of nutrition problems in one region or society to another could be different, in fact the occurrence among under five years old children could be different.Indonesia's economic crisis conditions in 1997 and still continuing today caused public's purchasing power decreasing generally, as effect of un-employments and the raise of goods and services prices. Those conditions could make worst for public's health and nutrients, especially toddlers. Nutrient problems in Riau Province inclination increase years after years.The goals of this research is to determines the connection between economical status factors and severe malnutrition incidences, age between 6 months - 5 years old, at Kabupaten Kampar Riau in 2002; with diarrheic, parents educational, toddlers age, gender, numbers of family members, parents works, mother's maternity knowledge, and breast feeding, as the covariate variables.This research is an observational research with case control method. The respondents of this research are the mothers that have children of under five years, which have severe malnutrition, and as the controls are the mothers that have good nutrition (148 cases and 148 controls). The research took place at Kabupaten Kampar Riau (p = 0,0001) with OR 2, 8599 (95% CI: 1,7176 - 4,7619).According to potential effect formula, had known that the family's economical status (poor family) have 47% contributions as risk factor of severe malnutrition cases , that mean if we can eliminate this factor, we can reduce the toddlers bad nutrient cases to 47%.The conclusion of the research, that family's economical status has a significant connection to incidence severe malnutrition cases, therefore any dealing and prevention acts with public's nutrients and health problems should pay attention to family's economical status variable by doing full planning works. In determining and planning acts to prevent the nutrient problems, we have to considering the potential effect values that make contributions to severe malnutrition cases.
This dissertation is describing changes in the prevalence of stunting toddlers the Regencies/ Cities category improves and deteriorates in Indonesia, from 2007 to 2013. Cross sectional study method, samples are 163 Regencies/Cities, secondary data source Balitbangkes and Ministry of Finance. T-test and discriminant statistical test. Results: changes in the prevalence of stunting toddlers 49 Regencies/Cities category improved 30.1%, and 114 Regencies/Cities category deteriorated 69,9%. Nine coverage of health and social programs the Regencies/Cities category improved which has a change greater than Regencies/Cities category deteriorated namely the prevalence of LBW, toddler weighing coverage ≥ 4 times, vitamin A coverage, complete immunization coverage, percentage of availability of clean water, percentage of waste management carried by janitors, percentage of availability of family latrines, percentage of hand washing with soap, and the percentage of family heads of civil servants. Five coverage of health and social programs in the Regencies/Cities category deteriorated, whose changes are not much different from the Regencies/Cities category improved namely ANC-K4 coverage, prevalence of less chronic energy in pregnant women, prevalence of toddler pulmonary TB, fiscal capacity index, and the percentage of family heads of higher education. Eight coverage of health and social programs with accuracy changes in the prevalence of stunting toddlers at the Regencies/ Cities category improved 83,7% and Regencies/Cities category deteriorated 92.1% namely toddler weighing coverage ≥ 4 times, complete immunization coverage, ANC-K4 coverage, percentage of waste management carried by janitors, percentage of availability of family latrines, percentage of hand washing with soap, fiscal capacity index, and the percentage of family heads of civil servants
