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Dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan tahun 2006 telah terjadi Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya pada kelompok umur 1 ? 15 tahun sebanyak 55 anak (15 kasus meninggal, AR = 0,45% dan CFR = 31,91%). Pada Januari 2007 juga telah terjadi KLB difteri di Kabupaten Garut pada kelompok umur kasus 2 ? 14 tahun sebanyak 17 anak (2 kasus meningal, CFR = 11,76%, AR = 1,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian difteri pada Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Kasus berasal dari 15 desa lokasi KLB difteri sebanyak 72 anak dan kontrol berasal dari 1 desa terpilih secara random yang bukan dari kecamatan lokasi KLB difteri sebanyak 72 anak. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dengan ibu anak pada kelompok kasus maupun kelompok kontrol menggunakan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan data lingkungan rumah, sumber penularan, status imunisasi dan pengetahuan ibu. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian difteri adalah kepadatan hunian ruang tidur, kelembaban dalam rumah, jenis lantai rumah, sumber penularan, status imunisasi dan pengetahuan ibu. Disimpulkan bahwa lingkungan rumah, pengetahuan ibu dan sumber penularan bukanlah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi terjadinya difteri, sedangkan yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi kejadian difteri adalah status imunisasi, yaitu risiko terjadinya difteri pada anak dengan status imunisasi DPT/DT yang tidak lengkap 46,403 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan anak dengan status imunisasi yang lengkap. Untuk itu cakupan program imunisasi hendaknya makin ditingkatkan sehingga semua anak terlindungi oleh imunisasi difteri.
Since 2005 up to 2006 diphtheria out break had occur in Tasimalaya District among 1 ? 15 year old children. Total cases are 55 children with cases died with the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 31.91%. Further on, January 2007 the same out break occur in Garut District, with 17 cases and 2 cases died (CFR 11.76%). Research objective is to identify the correlation of housing environmental condition with the diphtheria out break. Design study was case control study. The amount of 72 cases had taken from the 15 villages on the out break areas and the same amount (72) non cases taken from the village out of the out break areas. Data were collected through interviewed with structure questioner with the mother as the respondent. Data collected were housing environment, the source of infection, immunization status, and mother knowledge concerning the diphtheria. Research conclude that factors involved in diphtheria out break are housing member room density, housing humidity, quality of the floor, the source of the infection, immunization status of the children, and mother knowledge about the disease. The importance factors for the diphtheria out break are immunization status, with the OR of 46.403 greater of non immunization children compare with those had immunization. Therefore immunization program should be further intensified in order to give fully diphtheria protection for the hole children population in those areas.
Depok is one of the cities that has the highest diarrhea cases, where is the districts with the most diarrhea cases is Tapos District with 1,274 cases. Some risk factors for diarrheal disease are consuming water contaminated with feces, maternal hygiene behavior, and poor household sanitation. Fecal contamination in drinking water can be seen from the amount of Escherichia coli bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Escherichia coli in drinking water, maternal hygiene behavior, and household sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Tapos District. The study was a cross sectional with a total of 100 respondents divided into 7 villages (Tapos, Cilangkap, Cimpaeun, Sukamaju Baru, Jatijajar, Sukatani, and Leuwinanggung). Household drinking water samples were tested by the MPN (Most Probable Number) method at the Laboratory of Public Health Faculty University of Indonesia. While data on maternal hygiene behavior and household sanitation were obtained by interview and direct observation to the respondent's house. The results showed that 29% of children under five experienced diarrhea and 93% of drinking water did not meet the requirements. Statistical test results found that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge about diarrhea (p = 0,045; OR = 3 CI: 1,13-7,95) and hand washing habits (p = 0,017; OR = 3,7 CI: 1,36-10,18) with the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Tapos District. While there was no relationship between maternal knowledge about hygiene, the habit of nail clip, the habit of closing food, and the habit of cooking and storing drinking water with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Tapos District.
Kata Kunci: Pneumonia, Balita, Fakto Risiko
Pneumonia in children under five is still major public health problem in the world or in Indonesia. In Indonesia, Pneumonia is the number two cause of death in infants and children under five. Cakung sub-district is one of the areas that have quite a lot cases of pneumonia in children under five. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. This study uses a case control study design. The population in this study are all of children aged 12 month until 59 months who lived in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant correlation between exposure to secondhand smoke in the home (OR = 4.67; 1.19 to 18.33); the number of ciggarates smoked per day (OR=2,77; 1,12-6,86), lighting in the home (OR = 5.16; 1.94 to 13.70), knowledge of mothers (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13.25), nutritional status (OR = 9.14; 1.90 to 43.89), immunization history (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13 , 25) and a history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 3.11; 1.24 to 7.78) with the incidence of pneumonia among children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. The variable that predicted the most dominant cause of pneumonia is the nutritional status (OR = 5.607; 1.082 to 29.058).
Keywords: Pneumonia, Children under five, Risk factors
Penyakit diare menjadi salah satu gangguan gastrointestinal yang sering terjadi pada anak usia balita dan menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas. Provinsi Papua Pegunungan memiliki capaian sanitasi rendah dan prevalensi diare balita tertinggi di Indonesia pada tahun 2023. Faktor lingkungan dan faktor ibu merupakan faktor yang saling berkaitan dengan kejadian diare pada anak balita. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor risiko kejadian diare pada anak balita di Provinsi Papua Pegunungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dan sumber data diperoleh dari Survei Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2023 dengan jumlah sampel yang dianalisis sebesar 266 anak usia 0-59 bulan di Provinsi Papua Pegunungan. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik model determinan. Hasil menunjukkan ada hubungan antara sumber air minum, akses sanitasi, jenis lantai dan pendidikan ibu dengan kejadian diare pada anak balita. Pendidikan ibu rendah merupakan faktor paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian diare. Anak balita yang berasal dari ibu dengan pendidikan rendah akan berisiko 2,832 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami diare dibandingkan anak balita yang berasal dari ibu dengan pendidikan tinggi. Diperlukan kerjasama dari pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam peningkatan akses pendidikan yang merata disetiap wilayah serta kolaborasi penyelenggara kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pendidikan kesehatan melalui promosi kesehatan terpadu terkait perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dalam lingkungan rumah tangga.
Diarrhea is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in children under five years of age and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Papua Pegunungan Province has the lowest sanitation achievement and the highest prevalence of under five years of diarrhea in Indonesia by 2023. Environmental factors and maternal factors are interrelated with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors for the incidence of diarrhea in children under five years in Papua Pegunungan Province. This study used a cross sectional design and the data source from the Indonesian Health Survey in 2023 with a total sample of 266 children aged 0-59 months in Papua Pegunungan Province. Data were analyzed univariate, bivariate with Chi- Square test and multivariate with logistic regression of determinant models. Results showed an association between drinking water source, sanitation access, floor type and mother's education with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. Low maternal education is the most dominant factor affecting the incidence of diarrhea. Children under five who come from mothers with low education will be at risk 2,832 times greater to experience diarrhea than children under five who come from mothers with high education. Cooperation is needed from the government and the community to increasing access to education that is evenly distributed in each region and collaboration of health providers to improve health education through integrated health promotion related to clean and healthy living behaviors in the household environment.
Asma merupakan salah satu penyakit pernapasan kronis yang dapat menyerang semua kelompok usia. Prevalensi penyakit asma terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2019, tercatat sebanyak 262 juta penduduk dunia menderita penyakit asma dan sebanyak 461.000 kematian akibat asma. Pada tingkat nasional, prevalensi penyakit asma mencapai 2,4% pada tahun 2018. Tana Toraja merupakan salah satu kabupaten/kota yang termasuk dalam 10 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan prevalensi asma tertinggi secara nasional (9,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian asma di Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Variabel independen yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah pajanan asap rokok, asap kayu bakar, dan asap obat bakar nyamuk, keberadaan hewan peliharaan, tikus, kecoa, karpet lantai, polen, dan jamur, serta riwayat asma keluarga. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan desain penelitian case control. Sebanyak 148 masyarakat Tana Toraja terpilih dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner online dan wawancara via telepon. Data kemudian dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat menggunakan software IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pajanan asap kayu bakar (OR = 2,39; 95% CI = 1,13-5,04) dan riwayat asma keluarga (OR = 6,04; 95% CI = 2,26-16,11) merupakan faktor risiko penyakit asma dan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian asma. Sedangkan pajanan asap rokok (OR = 1,57; 95% CI = 0,79-3,14), obat bakar nyamuk (OR = 0,56; 95% CI = 0,17-1,80) keberadaan anjing (OR = 1,03; 95% CI = 0,39-2,73), kucing (OR = 0,69; 95% CI = 0,35-1,40), burung (OR = 0,94; 95%CI = 0,31-2,88), tikus (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 0,60-2,39), kecoa (OR = 0,86; 95% CI = 0,41-1,79), karpet lantai (OR = 0,88; 95% CI = 0,44-1,75), polen (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 0,91-3,87), dan jamur (OR = 0,61; 95% CI = 0,27-1,39) tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma secara statistik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat diketahui bahwa riwayat asma keluarga merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian asma di Tana Toraja (p = 0,000).
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that can affect all age groups. The prevalence of asthma continues to increase from year to year. In 2019, there were 262 million people worldwide suffering from asthma and as many as 461,000 deaths from asthma. At the national level, the prevalence of asthma reached 2.4% in 2018. Tana Toraja is one of the 10 districts/cities in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of asthma nationally (9,5%). This study aims to determine the relationship between risk factors in the home environment and the incidence of asthma in Tana Toraja Regency. The independent variables examined in this study were exposed to cigarette smoke, firewood smoke, and mosquito coils, the presence of pets, rats, cockroaches, floor carpets, pollen, and mold, and a family history of asthma. This research was conducted using a case-control tool research design. A total of 148 people from Tana Toraja were selected and agreed to participate in the research. The research data was obtained by filling out online questionnaires and telephone interviews. Data were then analyzed univariately, bivariate, and multivariate IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The results showed that exposure to firewood smoke (OR = 2,39; 95% CI = 1,13-5,04) and a family history of asthma (OR = 6,04; 95% CI = 2,26-16,11) is a risk factor for asthma and a significant relationship with the incidence of asthma. While exposure to cigarette smoke (OR = 1,57; 95% CI = 0,79-3,14), mosquito coils (OR = 0,56; 95% CI = 0,17-1,80) the presence of dogs (OR = 1,03; 95%CI = 0,39-2,73), cats (OR = 0,69; 95%CI = 0,35-1,40), birds (OR = 0,94; 95%CI = 0,31-2,88), mice (OR = 1,19; 95%CI = 0,60-2,39), cockroaches (OR = 0,86; 95%CI = 0,41-1,79 ), floor carpet (OR = 0,88; 95%CI = 0,44-1,75), pollen (OR = 1,87; 95%CI = 0,91-3,87), and mold (OR = 0,61; 95% CI = 0,27-1,39) did not have a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of asthma. Based on the results of a multivariate analysis it is known that a family history of asthma is the most important risk factor for the incidence of asthma in Tana Toraja (p = 0,000).
