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Program penanggulangan tuberkulosis (TB) nasional dengan strategi Directly Observed Treatment Shorrcourse (DOTS) yang mengandung Pengawas Menelan Obat (PMO) semenjak tahun 1995 telah berhasil baik dan setelah 3 tahun berjalan angka kesembuhan penderita lebih dari 85%. Di kabupaten Kerinci strategi DOTS dimulai sejak tahun 1998, tiga tahun sampai tahun 2001 belum memperlihatkan hasil yang memuaskan dimana angka konsumsi yang rendah dan angka kesembuhan hanya 41%. Faktor ketidak teraturan minum obat merupakan salah satu penyebab kegagalan program penanggulangan TB paru.Sejak 1998 strategi DOTS yang mengandung komponen PMO di kabupaten Kerinci sudah diterapkan. Namun bagaimana hubungan PMO tersebut dengan keteraturan penderita TB paru minum obat dan mengapa penderita teratur atau tidak teratur belum diketahui. Untuk ini studi kasus kontrol bersamaan dengan kualitatif Foccus Group Discussion (FOD) ini dilaksanakanSampel adalah penderita TB paru berusia 15 tahun keatas yang telah selesai atau putus berobat di puslesrnas kabupaten Kerinci sejak 1 Januari sampai 31 Desember 2001. Jumlah sampel adalah 194 penderita dengan 97 kasus dan 97 kontrol.Lima kelompok FGD dengan 42 informan, baik dari kelompok kasus maupun kontrol telah membetikan inforrnasinya tentang sebab-sebab ketidak teraturan minum obat.Kasus adalah penderita sampel yang tidak minum obat 3 hari atau lebih pada fase awal dan atau 7 hari atau Iebih pada fase lanjutan, dimana lama penyelesaian minum obat kategori 1 lebih dari 6 bulan 10 hari.Dengan logistik regresi multipel dan contens analysis, hasil signifikan dimana penderita yang tidak mempunyai PMO selama minum obat berisiko 2,68 kali lipat dibanding yang mempunvai PMO (OR:2,6 %: 95°%f%CI: l,4G-4,94;p:0.00I ).Keberadaan PMO di kabupaten Kerinci masih diperlukan, penyuluhan tentang TB paru secara komprehensif dengan durasi yang cukup dan frekuensi yang lebih sering untuk mengantisipasi berhentinya penderita karena tidak mengerti dengan penyakit TB dan program pengobatannya.Diperlukan penanganan khusus ESO yang timbul agar tidak menjadi alasan penderita untuk berhenti minum obat.Daftar Pustaka 42 : (1990 - 2002)
The National Tuberculosis Programs (NTP) adopted the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) strategy. Treatment observer is one of the live components of DOTS. It has applied to the treatment observer as from 1995. A good result with high cure rate more than 85% has been achieved so far. DOTS strategy has been implemented since 1998 in the Kerinci district, however, the conversion rate was still low and cure rate were just 41% in 2001. The irregularity of drug consuming TB drugs is one of the failures of the national tuberculosis programs.Since 1998 the DOTS strategy has been applied in Kerinci district, however, the relation of treatment observer and the patient regularly or irregularly consuming TB drug is not known yet. For this purpose, a case control study and focus group discussion (FGD) were carried out.The samples were the tuberculosis patients of 15 years old or more who had completed the treatment or defaulted. They are cases treated with category-1 in the community health center since 1 January to 31 Decembe,2001. The total sample taken was 194, where 97 of them are cases and 97 as controls. Five FGD were performed. The total of 42 informants as case and control were attending the FGD and contributed information.The criteria of the cases are those samples who did not consume medicine for 3 days more during intensive phase and or 7 days for intermittent phase and the duration of treatment was six months and ten days or more.Logistic regression multivariate method and content analysis were used for data analysis purpose, and the significant result was obtained. Where the patient without treatment observer has 2.68 times risk of irregularity of consuming TB drug compared with accompanied by the treatment observer (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.46-4.94, p: 0.001).The treatment observer is really required in Kerinci district, A comprehensive counseling on tuberculosis on regular base for quite some time is required to anticipate the drop out from treatment. Most of the patients do not understand about tuberculosis and the treatment procedure. Special action has to be taken w treat the side effect in order to prevent from self stopping TB treatment.
Untuk menjamin keteraturan pengobatan tuberkulosis diperlukan Pengawas Menelan Obat. Seorang PMO sebaiknya seseorang yang dikenal, dipercaya dan disetujui baik oleh petugas kesehatan maupun penderita. PMO juga seseorang yang tinggal dekat dengan penderita, bersedia membantu penderita dengan sukarela dan bersedia dilatih dan atau mendapat penyuluhan bersama-sama dengan penderita. PMO bertugas untuk mengawasi penderita menelan obat secara teratur, memberi dorongan pada penderita agar mau berobat teratur, mengingatkan penderita untuk periksa ulang dahak, memberikan penyuluhan pada anggota keluarga penderita tuberkulosis yang mempunyai gejala-gejala tuberkulosis untuk memeriksakan diri ke unit pelayanan kesehatan. Beberapa penelitian mernperlihatkan bahwa peran PMO dalam pengobatan penyakit tuberkulosis paru meningkatkan keteraturan berobat. Pada Tahun 2005 di Kabupaten Sanggau 53% PMO berasal dari tenaga kesehatan, dan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk rnenilai kekuatan hubungan Status Pengawas Menelan Obat dengan keteraturan pengambilan obat penderita tuberkulosis paru di Kabupaten Sanggau - Kalimantan Barat tahun 2005 yang belum pernah diteliti. Untuk mengetahui gambaran besar variabel Status PMO mempengaruhi keteraturan pengambilan obat di Kabupaten Sanggau, rnaka digunakan desain historical cohort dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 270 orang. Responden merupakan penderita tuberkulosis paru tahun 2005 di Kabupaten Sanggau. Hasil penelitian rnenunjukkan perbedaan keteraturan pengambilan obat pada penderita tuberkulosis paru yang memiliki PMO berasal dari tenaga kesehatan dengan PMO bukan tenaga kesehatan. Besarnya nilai RR = 0,659 yang menunjukkan efek protektif, berarti penderita tuberkulosis paru yang mernilild PMO yang berasal bukan dari tenaga kesehatan lebih teratur mengarnbil obat dibandingkan penderita tuberkulosis yang memilild PMO tenaga kesehatan. Model akhir yang menerangkan hubungan status PMO dengan keteraturan mengarnbil obat = -7,074 - 0,435 (status PMO) + 2,587 {Pengetahuan Mengenai Ancarnan Tuberkulosis Paru) + 1,074 (Penyuluhan Mengenai Pengobatan Tuberkulosis Paru + 0,451 (Penyuluhan Mengenai Penularan Tuberkulosis Paru). Pengetahuan mengenai ancaman tuberkulosis paru, penyuluhan mengenai pengobatan tuberkulosis paru dan penyuluhan mengenai penularan tuberkulosis paru akan meningkatkan keteraturan mengambil obat. Pendekatan sosial budaya untuk menginterpensi pengobatan penyaldt tuberkulosis paru, dapat dilakukan dengan mernilih PMO yang berasal dari tokoh masyarakat maupun ketua adat mengingat masyarakat sangat patuh akan hukum adat Dayak dan hukum adat Melayu yang ada di Kabupaten Sanggau.
To ensure a good regulated tuberculosis treatment, a treatment observer must be needed. People who have access to TB Patients on a daily basis and who are accountable to the health services are the most appropriate persons to provide directly observed treatment. Treatment observer must be the persons who are accessible to the patients, take responsibilities of helping the patients and get proper health education with the patients. Treatment observer have duty to observe and disseminating messages to the patients to complete a full course of anti-TB treatment. Treatment observer must advice the patients and their families to checked their sputums to the health centre. Some researches showed that good treatment observers could increased good regulates took medicine. In Sanggau Distric, 2005 there were 53% of treatment observer recruired from health care workers, and the objective of this research is to acces the relationship between health care worker treatment observers and non health care worker treatment observers with the regulate took medicine for the lung tuberculosis patients in Sanggau District, West Kalimantan, 2005. It's use a historical cohort study design and 270 total samples. The respondens were the lung tuberculosis sufferers in Sanggau District, 2005. The result of this research showed that there was relationship between the regulate in taking medicine for health care worker treatment observers and non health care worker treatment observers. RR=0.659 show a protective effect, it means that the tuberculosis patient with non health care worker treatment observers more regulate took medicine then the health care workers treatment observer. The last model to showed the relationship of the treatmentohserver status with the regulate took medicine is: -7.074-0.435 (Treatment Observers Status) + 2.587 (knowledge of tuberculosis threat) + 1.074 (promotion of lung tuberculosis infection)+ 0.451 (promotion of the uncomplete drugs) Knowledge of the lung tuberculosis threat, the desseminating messages of uncomplete drugs and desseminating messages of lung tuberculosis infection will increase the regulate of took medicine. The conduction. of soc. ial cultur for interperated the cureness of lung tuberculosis could be used by recruit community base approach and social elits as treatment observers, however the strong culture of Dayak and Melayu has been integrated the community in Sanggau District.
Proporsi ketidakpatuhan penderita Tb paru berobat di beberapa daerah di Indonesia, angkanya bervariasi dan umumnya masih tinggi mulai dari 30 % sampai dengan 65 %. Kepatuhan berobat sangat penting karena berhubungan dengan resistensi. Di Kota Padang Propinsi Sumatera Barat penderita Tb paru dengan pengobatan kategori 1, tidak patuh berobat sebesar 38,88 %, sehingga kemungkinan terjadinya resistensi masih cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan persepsi penderita terhadap peran pengawas menelan obat dengan kepatuhan penderita Tb paru berobat di kota Padang tahun 2001. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam waktu satu setengah bulan dengan menggunakan data primer.Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Sampelnya adalah sebagian atau seluruh penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang berobat ke Puskesmas di Kota Padang dari 1 Januari 2001 s/d 31 Desember 2001 yang memdapat obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) kategori I. Jumlah sampel sebesar 260 responden, yang terdiri dari 130 responden sebagai kasus dan 130 responden sebagai kontrol.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa probabilitas penderita Tb paru BTA positif yang tidak patuh berobat terpapar oleh aktivitas PMO kurang baik 18,95 kali lebih besar, dibandingkan dengan probabilitas penderita Tb paru BTA positif yang terpapar dengan aktivitas PMO baik, setelah dikontrol oleh penghasilan keluarga dan pengetahuan penderita.Pengukuran dampak potensial memberikan informasi adanya kantribusi aktivitas PMO kurang baik terhadap terjadinya ketidakpatuhan penderita Tb paru BTA positif berobat di Kota Padang sebesar 81,46 %.Penelitian ini menyarankan kepada pengelola program perlu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan motivasi pengawas menelan obat, agar dalam melaksanakan tugas pengawasannya berjalan secara aktif. Meningkatkan pengetahuan penderita mengenai penyakit Tb paru serta akibat bila tidak patuh berobat. Dan perlu di teliti lebih lanjut terhadap variabel jenis PMO dan pekerjaan serta penghasilan keluarga dengan sampel yang lebih besar.
The Relationship of the Perception of Tb Patients on the Role of Treatment Observer and Compliance of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Padang, 2001The proportion of tuberculosis patients who does not take treatment regularly in Indonesia varies with areas, with the number ranging from 30 to 65%. Regularity in taking treatment is very crucial because it relates to drug resistance. In Padang, West Sumatra, category I tuberculosis sufferers who do not take treatment regularly is 38, 88%. Hence, the possibility of resistance is still high. The objective of the research is to study the perception relationship between the role of drug intake supervisors (DIS) or treatment observer and compliance of pulmonary tuberculosis patient attending the treatment in Padang in 2001. This study was conducted during a month and a half period using primary data.The design used is case-control study. Its sample consists of all pulmonary TB patient age 15 or above who take treatment at public health centers in Padang from January 1 to December 31, 2001. All of TB patient received-category I anti-tuberculosis drugs. The size of the sample is 260; the respondents consist of 130 as cases and another 130 as controls. The study found that the probability of positive sputum acid fast bacilli (category I) pulmonary TB patient who do not take treatment regularly under insufficient supervision of drug intake supervisors (DIS) is 18.95 times higher than the probability of category I pulmonary TB patients who do not take treatment regularly under sufficient supervision of drug intake supervisors (DIS), after improvement of family income and knowledge level of TB patients.As a conclusion, potential impact measurement provide information that insufficient activities of drug intake supervisors contribute to the irregularity of category I pulmonary TB patients in taking treatment in Padang of 81.46%.It is recommended to all program directors to improve knowledge and motivation of treatment observer and compliant in order to increase effectiveness of their supervisory duties. In addition, they should also improve knowledge of pulmonary TB patients and communicate negative impacts of not taking treatment regularly. And research of this kind should be expanded in the future, especially that relates to drug intake supervisors types, jobs, and family income, with bigger samples.
Delay in diagnosis can lead to increased severity of the disease, increased the risk of death and the possibility of transmission of tuberculosis in the community. The objective of this study was to determine proportion and the length of delay in diagnosis and factors associated with the delay in diagnosis among pulmonary tuberculosis patient in Tebo Distric. This study design using cross sectional conducted in patients with tuberculosis who was treated at hospitals and health centers at Tebo District in 2018. The sample in this study amounted to 366 respondents. Multivariat analysis using a multivariate cox regression. The results showed that the proportion of diagnosis delay (> 28 days) was 63.93 %. Predisposing factors (age ≥ 45 years), enabling factors (first consulting Non- DOTS health care unit, high stigma and distance to the health care unit DOTS ≥ 30 minutes) and need factors (perception of the disease is not serious) are risk factors associated with the diagnostic delay. Necessary improving the quality of tuberculosis control programs, counseling tuberculosis so that people have the correct perception against tuberculosis and to reduce the negative stigma against tuberculosis, improving access to health care units DOTS and active case finding are vital to reduce diagnostic delay
