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Malnutrisi merupakan komplikasi serius yang umum terjadi pada pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronis (PGK) yang menjalani hemodialisa (HD). Kondisi ini berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas hidup, meningkatkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian malnutrisi pada pasien PGK dengan HD di RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 133 pasien rawat jalan yang menjalani HD minimal tiga bulan. Status gizi diukur menggunakan metode Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), sementara data sekunder berasal dari telaah rekam medis. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dengan uji chi-square, dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa usia ≥60 tahun (OR = 2,9; p = 0,036) dan asupan energi <70% dari kebutuhan harian (OR = 7,8; p = 0,003) berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian malnutrisi. Faktor lain seperti jenis kelamin, durasi dan frekuensi HD, komorbiditas (diabetes melitus, hipertensi, penyakit kardiovaskular), serta asupan protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat tidak berhubungan signifikan secara statistik. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa usia lanjut dan defisit asupan energi merupakan faktor dominan terhadap risiko malnutrisi. Oleh karena itu, pemantauan status gizi secara berkala dan intervensi gizi yang difokuskan pada peningkatan asupan energi perlu menjadi prioritas dalam tata laksana pasien HD. Strategi yang disarankan meliputi konseling gizi individual, edukasi kepada keluarga, dan pemberian oral nutrition supplement jika diperlukan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar dalam pengembangan kebijakan intervensi gizi berbasis bukti dan penyusunan pedoman pemantauan gizi bagi pasien PGK dengan HD di rumah sakit rujukan nasional. Pendekatan multidisiplin antara dokter, ahli gizi, perawat, dan keluarga sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung pencapaian status gizi optimal secara berkelanjutan.
Malnutrition is a serious complication commonly found in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD). This condition negatively affects quality of life and increases the risks of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with malnutrition among CKD patients undergoing HD at Fatmawati Central General Hospital, Jakarta. The study employed a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 133 outpatients who had been on HD for at least three months. Nutritional status was assessed using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) method. Primary data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires and a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), while secondary data were obtained from medical records. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate (chi-square test), and multivariate analyses using multiple logistic regression. The results showed that patients aged ≥60 years (OR = 2.9; p = 0.036) and those with energy intake <70% of daily requirements (OR = 7.8; p = 0.003) had a significantly higher risk of malnutrition. Other variables such as sex, duration and frequency of HD, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease), and intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrates were not statistically associated with nutritional status. These findings highlight that older age and insufficient energy intake are dominant risk factors for malnutrition. Therefore, regular nutritional monitoring and interventions focused on increasing energy intake should be prioritized in the management of HD patients. Recommended strategies include individualized nutrition counseling, family education, and provision of oral nutrition supplements when necessary. This study is expected to serve as a foundation for the development of evidence-based nutrition intervention policies and guidelines for nutritional monitoring of CKD patients undergoing HD in national referral hospitals. A multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, dietitians, nurses, and family members is essential to support the achievement of optimal and sustainable nutritional status in HD patients.
ABSTRAK
Sisa makanan merupakan salah satu indikator dalam pelayanan gizi khususnyapenyelenggaraan makanan. Dengan pelayanan makanan yang memuaskan selerapasien tanpa mengurangi nilai gizi merupakan terapi diet yang dibutuhkan dalampenyembuhan pasien. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen,dengan membagi sampel menjadi kelompok control dengan mendapatkanmakanan dengan standar porsi diet rumah sakit 2300 kkal dan kelompokperlakuan mendapat standar porsi diet sesuai kebutuhan 1700 kkal. Penelitian inidilakukan pada 34 responden, 17 kelompok control dan 17 kelompok perlakuan.Penelitian dilakukan pada pasien bedah perempuan dengan diet makanan biasa,usia 18-59 tahun, di ruang perawatan RSCM . Pengumpulan data sisa makanandengan system food weighing selama 4 hari. Analisis bivarian menggunakan uji bedadua mean T test independendandependen.Terdapat rata – rata sisa makanan padakelompok control sebanyak 206,37 gram dan kelompok perlakuan sebanyak 117.59 gramper orang per hari. Sisa makanan terbesar disumbangkan dari makanan pokok sebesar41,52% dan sayur sebanyak 24.15% pada kontrol dan 32.87% untuk makanan pokok dan21.81% untuk sayuran pada kelompok perlakuan dari total sisa makanan. Sisa makanankelompok kontrol sebanyak 17.65% masuk dalam katagori banyak (>20%)..Penelitianserupa dapat dilakukan pada kelompok pasien yang mendapatkan makanan lunak danpada kelompok pasien yang tidak berdiet khusus.
ABSTRACT
In nutritional services, waste plate becoming one particular indicator, especiallyin the food provisions for the patient. Food provisions that can satisfy patientstaste without compromising the nutritional value is a dietary therapy required inthe treatment of the patients itself. This is a quasi-experimental study, by dividingthe sample into the control group who received 2300 kcal standard dietaryhospital food portion and the treatment group who received standard dietservings as needed 1700 kcal. This study conducted on 34 respondents, both forthe control group as well as for the treatment group consists of 17 patients. Thestudy was conducted to female surgical patients with normal diet, age 18-59years, at Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo General Hospitals treatment room. The wasteplatedata collection performed by using the food weighing systems for 4 days.Two different mean independent and dependent T-test is used as the bivariateanalysis for this study. There is an average of the waste plate per person per dayas much as 206,37 grams in the control group and 117,59 grams in the treatmentgroup. The biggest waste plate comes from the staple foods and vegetables,respectively 41.52% and 24.15% in controls group and the treatment group was32.87% and 21.81% from the the total of leftover food. Waste plate in the controlgroup as much as 17.65% are included in a lot category (> 20%). Similar studiescan be performed on a group of patients who received bland foods and in thegroup of patients who did not having specific diet.
Status gizi kurang yang dialami pasien selama rawat inap di rumah sakit akan berdampak pada rendahnya penyembuhan pasien dari penyakit yang diderita dan berujung pada hari rawat yang lebih lama, angka kesakitan dan biaya rawat meningkat. Kejadian gizi kurang pasien penyakit dalam masih cukup tinggi, penelitian di Universitas Alabama 46% pasien menderita kurang gizi dan di RSCM berkisar 34.2-51.4% mengalami hal yang sama. Penilitian ini merupakan penelitian primer yang dilakukan di ruang rawat Penyakit Dalam kelas III Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan makan dengan status gizi pasien rawat inap penyakit dalam RSCM. Dilaksanakan pada bulan April hingga Awal Juni 2006. Responden adalah pasien rawat inap penyakit dalam usia 18-60 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Desain penelitian dengan analitik potong lintang, terpilih 91 sampel laki-laki dan perempuan secara purposive. Pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan program FP2 dan SPSS. Penilaian asupan makan yang diterjemahkan kedalam energi dan protein dinilai dengan food recall 2x24 jam. Adapun penilaian status gizi dengan melakukan pengukuran antropometri, albumin serum dan pemeriksaan SGA (subjective global assessment). Penilaian selera makan dengan wawancara, jenis penyakit dan obat didapat dari rekarn medis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 47 responden (51.6%) asupan makan kurang dari kebutuhan dan sebanyak 44 responden (48.4%) asupan makan cukup. Penilaian status gizi dengan 3 pengukuran yaitu antropometri (IMT), SGA dan albumin serum ditemukan status gizi kurang masing-masing 45.1%, 53.8%, dan 61.5%. Dengan uji kai kuadrat didapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan makan dengan status gizi kecuali dengan parameter albumin serum. Analisis multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan hasil, responden dengan asupan makan kurang berisiko mengalami status gizi kurang 3.143 kali dibandingkan responden dengan asupan makan eukup setelah dikontrol variabel jenis kelamin dan selera makan. Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara selera makan dengan status gizi. Data yang didapat tidak dapat membuktikan adanya hubungan antara penyakit, obat, jenis kelamin, dan usia terhadap status gizi. Bertitik tolak dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh disarankan kepada manajemen rumah sakit untuk mengadakan standar makanan tinggi kalori tinggi protein dan perlu adanya dukungan gizi (nutritional support) bagi pasien rawat inap penyakit dalam, dalam bentuk makanan enteral maupun lainnya. Menyertakan diagnosis status gizi pasien berdasar SGA kedalam diagnosis penyakit. Bagi unit penyelenggara makanan rumah sakit untuk meningkatkan cita rasa masakan.
Undernourished status of in-patient in hospital will have an impact on the low rate of recovery from the disease one suffers and end up with longer stay in hospital, increase in morbidity and cost. Incidence of undernourished among in-patient of internal medicine ward is high. Study by University of Alabama 46% of patient suffer from undernourished and in RSCM is around 34.2 - 51.4%. This study is primarily study conducted in Internal Medicine Ward CIass III, RSCM. The aim of the study was to know the relationship between food intake and nutritional status of in-patient of internal medicine ward, RSCM. The study was conducted from April to early June 2006. Respondent was patient of in-patient internal medicine ward aged 18-60 years with certain inclusive and exclusive criteria. The study design was analytic cross-sectional with 91 male and female respondent selected purposively. Data processing and analysis was using FP2 and SPSS. Calculation of food intake that translated into energy and protein was from food recall 2x24 hours method. Nutritional status was based on anthropometric measurement, albumin serum and examination of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Examination of appetite was by interview, type of disease and medicine were noted from medical record. The results show that 47 respondent (51.6%) had food intake less than daily requirement. Nutritional status using 3 (three) assessments i.e. anthropometric which is Body Mass Index (BMI), SGA and albumin serum was found that 45.1%, 53.8%, and 61.5% respectively under normal. Statistical test (chi-square) showed a significant relationship between food intake and nutritional status except with albumin serum. Multivariate analysis showed that patient with food intake less than daily requirement had 3.143 times risk of undernourished after controlling sex and appetite. There was a relationship between appetite and nutritional status. However, there was no relationship between disease, medicine, sex and age with nutritional status. From these findings it is recommended that hospital management to take some measures on food standard for high calorie and high protein and need nutritional support for in-patient of internal medicine ward in the form of enteral food or others. Additional diagnosis of nutritional status using SGA was needed in the disease diagnosis. For hospital food management unit it is recommended to increase food taste.
A closely relation between HIV and nutrition, where the condition of peopleliving with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has been exposed to infectious diseases andeasy to falling ill, nutritional needs will increase but on the other hand is often afailure of adequate intake so that the infection will get worse disease. So onwardsto do when nutritional intake is inadequate. Nutritional problems in PLWHA canalso be excess nutrients that have an impact on degenerative diseases. Nutritioneducation is a good step for shaping behavior, where PLWHA are expected toconsume foods and beverages with adequate nutrition and safe.This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition education and counseling onknowledge, attitudes, behaviors and body weight PLWHA.The design study is quasi experimental conducted to 54 patients with HIV / AIDSto assess the knowledge, attitude, behavior and body weight measurements beforeand after intervention. The results showed differences in knowledge (p value0.000) and behavior (p value 0.048) for the treatment group. The increase in theaverage weight gain was 0.6 kg after intervention (p value 0.170). The mostdominant variable is the behavior of family support / peer group (p value 0.012).Keywords: nutrition education and counseling, knowledge, attitudes, behavior andbody weight
