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Diabetes is a non-communicable disease with a continuously increasing prevalence, including in Indonesia, where the prevalence reached 11.7% according to the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). Prediabetes, as a precursor condition to diabetes, has garnered global attention due to its higher prevalence and the rapid progression potential to type 2 diabetes. The widespread sedentary lifestyle phenomenon further exacerbates this risk, as it is strongly associated with insufficient physical activity, a major risk factor for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases. This study aims to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and analyze the association between insufficient physical activity and prediabetes incidence after controlling for covariates such as age, sex, education, comorbidities, dietary patterns, and smoking habits. This cross-sectional study utilizes secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). The results indicate a prediabetes prevalence of 42.91% in the adult population aged 18-59 years in Indonesia, with 39.77% occurring in the insufficient physical activity group. Multivariate analysis using Cox regression showed almost no difference in prediabetes risk between the insufficient physical activity and sufficient physical activity groups (PR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.91–1.01). The high prevalence of prediabetes in the productive age group is expected to motivate increased frequency and duration of physical activity to a minimum of 150 minutes per week and regular early detection of prediabetes.
Kata kunci :Hipertensi, aktivitas fisik, cross sectional, cox regression, IFLS 5.
Hypertension is the leading causes for prematur death worldwide. Globally, WHOreported about nearly one billion people living with hypertension and it is estimated thatthis number will escalate to more than 1,5 billion by the year 2025. Insufficient physicalactivity is one of the modifiable risk factors for hypertension, which is not required greateffort and cost. In 2013, the prevalence of hypertension among Indonesian adults was25,8% and the proportion of insufficient physical activity was 26,1%. This study aims toknow the prevalence of hypertension, the proportion of insufficient physical activity andalso its relationship among the Indonesian adults based on IFLS 5 data in 2014. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 26.043 respondents in IFLS 5 aged 18 years andabove. The JNC-7 guidelines used to defined hypertension (if systolic blood pressure≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥90 mmHg), whereas physical activity measured by thehabit of performing physical activity for at least 10 minutes a week. Statistical test onbivariate and multivariate analysis using cox regression. The prevalence of hypertensionwas 24,09% and the proportion of insufficient physical activity was 35,68%. Statisticaltest shown there was a significant relationship between physical activity and hypertension(P value 0,000), people with insufficient physical activity at risk 1,15 times havinghypertension than those with active physical activity (PR: 1,15; 95 % CI: 1,09-1,21).Adults should do at least 30 minutes walking everyday, province/district health officeneeds to use social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc, in order to promotingthe benefit of physical activity.
Keywords :Hypertension, physical activity, cross sectional, cox regression, IFLS 5.
Diabetes melitus (DM) masih menjadi tantangan bagi negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) memproyeksikan angka DM di Indonesia akan meningkat 150%, menjadi 28,6 juta jiwa pada tahun 2045. WHO merekomendasikan kelompok berisiko untuk melakukan kombinasi dari konsumsi buah dan sayur ≥5 porsi/hari serta melakukan aktivitas fisik cukup untuk hasil optimal dalam menurunkan risiko DM. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara efek gabungan konsumsi buah-sayur dan aktivitas fisik dengan DM pada penduduk dewasa usia 18-64 tahun di Indonesia tahun 2023. Desain studi cross sectional dari data sekunder Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) tahun 2023 dengan total sampel 23.821 orang dewasa berusia 18-64 tahun di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi DM pada orang dewasa sebesar 15,2%. Analisis multivariat dengan uji logistic regression menunjukkan asosiasi yang tidak signifikan antara konsumsi buah-sayur <3 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik kurang dibandingkan dengan penduduk dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur ≥5 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik cukup (RRCorrected 1,2; 95%CI 1,08-1,52 p value 0,607), artinya penduduk dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur <3 porsi/hari dan memiliki aktivitas fisik rendah memiliki tren peningkatan risiko DM sebesar 1,2 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan orang dewasa yang mengonsumsi buah-sayur ≥5 porsi/hari dan aktivitas fisik cukup setelah dikontrol variabel usia, jenis kelamin, hipertensi dan obesitas sentral, meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Optimalisasi upaya pencegahan DM dengan meningkatkan intake buah-sayur agar memenuhi rekomendasi ≥5 porsi/hari dapat dilakukan penduduk dewasa usia 18-64 tahun yang disertai dengan meningkatkan kegiatan aktivitas fisik baik sedang maupun berat serta meningkatkan kegiatan olah raga bersama baik di sekolah, kampus, kantor maupun di rumah.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a significant challenge for developing countries, including Indonesia. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) projects that the number of DM cases in Indonesia will increase by 150%, reaching 28,6 million by 2045. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that high-risk groups adopt a combination of consuming ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and engaging in sufficient physical activity for optimal results in reducing DM risk. This study aims to examine the association between the combined effects of fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity on DM among adults aged 18–64 years in Indonesia in 2023. The study used a cross-sectional design with secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), involving a total sample of 23,821 adults aged 18–64 in Indonesia. The findings revealed that the prevalence of DM among adults was 15,2%. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed a non-significant association between consuming <3 servings of fruits and vegetables per day with insufficient physical activity compared to adults who consumed ≥5 servings per day and engaged in adequate physical activity (RRcorrected 1,2; 95% CI 1,08–1,52, p-value 0,607). This suggests that adults with low fruit and vegetable intake (<3 servings/day) and low physical activity had a trend of a 1,2 times higher risk of DM compared to those who met the recommended intake (≥5 servings/day) and had sufficient physical activity, after controlling for age, sex, hypertension, and central obesity—though the result was not statistically significant. To optimize DM prevention efforts, adults aged 18–64 should increase their fruit and vegetable intake to meet the recommended ≥5 servings per day, alongside increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and promoting group exercise activities in schools, universities, workplaces, and at home.
Kurangnya aktivitas fisik merupakan salah satu faktor risiko utama penyakit tidak menular (PTM) yang sering kali tidak disadari. Data WHO menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 85% remaja Indonesia kurang melakukan aktivitas fisik. Masa remaja penting sebagai tahap awal pembentukan kebiasaan aktivitas fisik agar kebiasaan ini dapat terbawa hingga dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat aktivitas fisik serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas fisik kurang pada remaja dan dewasa muda di Indonesia berdasarkan Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data berasal dari SKI 2023, dengan sampel sebanyak 164.061 individu usia 10–24 tahun. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dengan uji regresi logistik sederhana, serta multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas fisik. Sebanyak 40,4% responden beraktivitas fisik kurang. Aktivitas fisik kurang berasosiasi dengan usia muda 10-17 tahun (PR = 1,54; 95%CI = 1,5156 – 1,5595), jenis kelamin perempuan (PR = 1,12; 95%CI = 1,1060 – 1,1330), tidak bekerja/bersekolah (PR = 1,13; 95%CI = 1,1340 – 1,1650), dan IMT underweight (PR = 1,09; 95%CI = 1,0642 – 1,1081). Tidak ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara status ekonomi dengan aktivitas fisik dalam model akhir pada penelitian ini. Aktivitas fisik kurang masih menjadi masalah signifikan pada remaja dan dewasa muda di Indonesia. Faktor usia, jenis kelamin, status pekerjaan/sekolah, dan IMT berperan penting dalam mempengaruhi tingkat aktivitas fisik. Diperlukan intervensi yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik demografis untuk meningkatkan aktivitas fisik kelompok usia muda.
Physical inactivity is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), yet it often goes unnoticed. WHO data indicate that more than 85% of Indonesian adolescents engage in insufficient physical activity. Adolescence is a critical period for establishing physical activity habits that may carry into adulthood. This study aims to analyze physical activity levels and associated factors contributing to physical inactivity among adolescents and young adults in Indonesia, based on the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (SKI). A cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach was employed. Data were drawn from SKI 2023, comprising a sample of 164,061 individuals aged 10–24 years. Data analysis included univariate analysis, bivariate analysis using simple logistic regression, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression to identify associated factors. A total of 40.4% of respondents were classified as having physical inactivity. Insufficient activity was associated with younger age (10–17 years) (PR = 1.54; 95%CI = 1.5156 – 1.5595), female gender (PR = 1.12; 95%CI = 1.1060 – 1.1330), being unemployed or not in school (PR = 1.13; 95%CI = 1.1340 – 1.1650), and underweight BMI (PR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.0642 – 1.1081). No significant association was found between economic status and physical activity in the final model of this study. Physical inactivity remains a significant issue among adolescents and young adults in Indonesia. Age, gender, occupational/school status, and nutritional status (BMI) play a key role in influencing physical activity levels. Targeted interventions tailored to demographic characteristics are needed to improve physical activity in younger age groups.
Tuberkulosis (TBC) sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia. WHO melaporkan, di seluruh dunia setiap tahunnya ditemukan tidak kurang dari 8 juta kasus baru. Indonesia diantaranya merupakan negara penyumbang kasus TBC terbesar ketiga setelah India dan Cina. Diperkirakan jumlah kasus TBC di Indonesia pada tahun 2003 sebanyak 627.047 penderita, 281.946 diantaranya termasuk kategori TBC paru BTA positif. TBC paru BTA positif adalah jenis TBC yang sangat menular sehingga apabila tidak dilakukan pengobatan yang adequat dapat menularkan kepada 10-15 penderita baru dalam setahun. Risiko terjadinya penularan akan lebih tinggi pada orang yang dekat dengan sumber penular Kondisi lingkungan, status sosial ekonomi, gaya hidup, genetik dan adanya penyakit lain seperti diabetes, campak dan HIV merupakan faktor risiko yang selama ini diyakini berhubungan dengan kejadian tuberkulosis. Namun penelitian tentang faktor risiko tersebut di Indonesia masih jarang dilakukan. Ketersediaan data sekunder dari Survei Prevalensi TBC Nasional dan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional Tahun 2004 (Susenas) yang terintegrasi, menarik minat penulis untuk memanfaatkan data ini untuk menganalisis beberapa faktor risiko TBC paru. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kondisi lingkungan rumah, faktor sosial ekonomi dan faktor respon biologis terhadap kejadian TBC paru BTA positif pada penduduk dewasa di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memakai rancangan studi kasus kontrol tidak berpadanan, dengan menggunakan perbandingan kasus kontrol 1:4. Sampel penelitian adalah penduduk berumur 15 tahun keatas yang menjadi sampel Susenas 2004 dan dilakukan pemeriksaan sputum BTA pada Survei prevalensi TBC 2004. Jumlah sampel terpilih sebanyak 380 orang yang terdiri dari 76 kasus dan 304 kontrol. Penduduk yang berdasarkan pemeriksaan sputumnya menunjukan hasil BTA positif ditetapkan sebagai kasus. Sedangkan yang menjadi kontrol adalah penduduk yang sputumnya menunjukkan hasil BTA negatif dan berasal dari wilayah kecamatan yang sama dengan kasus. Kontrol dipilih secara acak. Untuk menguji hipotesis digunakan uji Kai Kuadrat dan untuk melihat derajat hubungan menggunakan nilai Odds Rasio dengan CI 95%. Berdasarkan basil penelitian ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TBC Pam BTA positif adalah keberadaan sumber kontak serumah OR 3,46 (1,316;9,091) kondisi rumah yang berlantai tanah OR 2,2 (1,135;4,269) dan pendapatan perkapita OR 2,145 (1,249;3,683). Berdasarkan temuan tersebut penulis menyarankan kepada pembuat kebijakan agar melaksanakan program khusus terhadap masyarakat golongan ekonomi rendah, terutama dalam hal program upaya penemuan penderita sedini mungkin, memberikan pengobatan secara cepat guna memutus rantai penularan, melaksanakan program active case finding dan untuk jangka panjang perlu dijalin kerjasama dengan lintas sektor terkait untuk melaksanakan program rumah sehat bagi kalangan masyarakat yang mempunyai status sosial ekonomi rendah.
Tuberculosis (TBC) is still become the word health problem. WHO reported that every year in the word has been founded not less than 8 millions of new cases. Indonesia is the third biggest countries which contribute TB cases after India and China. It is estimated the number of TB cases in Indonesia in the year 2003 was 627.047 infected, 282.946 among it was the category of pulmonary tuberculosis with smear positive. Pulmonary tuberculosis with smear positive is a kind of TB which is very infectious, so it should have adequate treatment, unless it will spread to 10-15 new patients within a year. The people who are close to the source of disease have the high risk to be infected. The environment condition, social economy status, life style, genetic and other disease such as diabetes, measles and HIV are believed has the relation with TB. But research about those risk factors in Indonesia is rarely done. The interest of the writer to analyze same risk factor of pulmonary TB is based on integrated of availability of secondary data from National TB Prevalence Survey (SPTBC) and National Social Economy Survey (Susenas) year 2004. The purpose of this research is to know the relation between the house environment condition, social economy factor and biologic response toward pulmonary TB with smear positive cases for adult in Indonesia. The research is using unmatched case control study, with comparison of 1 : 4 case and control. The sample of this research is the people of 15 years old and above, which was the sample of Susenas 2004 and was examined by sputum smear microscopy in SPTBC 2004 Survey. The number of chosen sample is about 380 person, consisting of 76 cases and 304 controls. The people whose sputum smear positive, decided as a case, but the people from the sputum smear negative decided as control. Control was chosen randomly. To test these hypotheses, chi square is used and to see the relation degrees of Odds Ratio with Cl 95% value is used. The research found that the factors which association with pulmonary TB smear positive is the availability of contact source in one house OR 3, 46 (1,316 ; 9,091), the condition of the house with soil floor OR 2.2 (1,135 ; 4,269) and private income OR 2,145 (1,249 ; 3,683). According to those finding, the writer advise to the policy maker to take special program for the people with low income, especially the program of finding the infected person as soon as possible to heal them with proper treatment. to cut the cycles of infections, to make program of active case finding program and for long term, there should be cooperation between other sector related to activate healthy house program for the people with low income.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death in the cardiovascular group. Obesity could increase a person's risk of progression from prediabetes to type 2 DM and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prediabetes with obesity increases the risk of CHD events based on Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS). This study was used a retrospective cohort study design using secondary data on NCD Risk Factor Cohort Study in 2011-2018. The sample was 493 obese adult respondents in population of NCD Risk Factor Cohort Study whom met this study inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of multivariate analysis using cox regression after being controlled by age and duration of obesity found that prediabetes had HR = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.462- 1.387), p = 0.429 which means the relationship between prediabetes with CHD events in obese adult respondents was not statistically significant.
