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Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of cause of death in children indeveloping countries. Children have the highest risk in increased dose of PM10exposure. In last two years, ARI is one of the top ten diseases in Jatinegara. Thisstudy aimed to analyze the relationship of PM 10 in air in classroom with ARI inthe elementary school students in Jakarta. Study design was cross-sectional with353 students as sample, taken from 10 SDN in Jatinegara area. Variablesassociated with ARI in elementary school students are PM10 concentrations inclassrooms, ventilation in the kitchen, smoking behavior in house, uses ofmosquito repellent, and family members with ARI. Students with PM10concentrations in classrooms which not qualify the standards (> 70 ug / m3 ) hasthe risks 1,7 times in causing ARI after the controlled physical environmentalclass variables. Efforts should be made to prevent ARI include maintaining theclass cleanliness and regular maintenance, planting trees in school yard as air filter,clean and healthy life behavior, and make adequate ventilation for air circulationin rooms.Keywords: concentration of PM10 , ARI , Elementary School Students.
Penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) pada balita di wilayah Puskesmas Meral menempati urutan pertama dari sepuluh besar penyakit berdasarkan Laporan Tahunan Puskesmas. Hal ini berhubungan dengan kualitas udara dalam rumah antara lain partikulat debu {PM10), kondisis fisik rumah, sumber polutan daJam rumah dan karakteristik balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan partikulat debu (PM 10) dalam rumah dengan gangguan ISPA pada balita. Penelitian ini mengunakan rancangan studi cross-sectional, dengan populasi balita usia 0-59 bulan di Desa Pangke dan Kelurahan pasir Panjang Kecamatan Meral dan yang menjadi sampel balita usia 0-59 bulan yang terpilih dengan metode simple random sampling secara proporsional. Data yang dikumpulkan dengan pengukuran adalah kadar PM 10 kelembaban dan suhu dalam rumah sedangkan data variable lainnya dengan observasi dan wawancara menggunakan daftar pertanyaan. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil analisis chi square diperoleh delapan variabel berhubungan bermakna (p<0,005) dengan timbulnya gangguan ISPA pada balita yaitupartikulat debu (PM 10) dalam rumah, suhu dalam rumah, rasio luas jendela/luas kamar, kepadatan hunian rumah, jenis dinding rumah, lubang asap dapur, letak dapur dan jenis bahan bakar memasak. Variabel kelembaban dalam rumah, asap rokok, penggunaan obat nyamuk, status gizl dan imunisasi tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna (p > 0,05) dengan timbuJnya gangguan lSPA pada balita. Hasil analisis multivariat secara statistik tidak ditemukan adanya interaksiantara variabel yang diteliti, tetapi variabel kelembaban dalam rumah. suhu dalam rumah dan jenis bahan bakar memasak diternukan sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi gangguan ISPA pada balita yang terpejan partikulat debu (PM10) dalam rumah. Dari penelitian ini disarankan melaiui upaya upaya penyuluhan kepada masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kualitas hunian serta penyebarluasan informasi mengenai kualitas udara dalam rumah yang buruk dapat menimbulkan gangguan ISPA dan penyakit berbasis lingkungan lainnya.
Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI} among children under five in Public Health Center Metal has occupied the first rangk of big ten diseases based on yearly report of community health center. This matter relate to the quality of air in house for example Particulate Matter (PM10), physical house conditions, source of pollutans in house and characteristics of children under five. This research aim to study relation particulate Matter (PM 10) in house with disturbance of acute respiratory infections among children under five. This research use cross-sectional study device, with population of children under five of age 0-59 months in countryside Pangke and sub-district Pasir Panjang district of Metal and sample of children under five of age 0-59 chosen months with sampling random simple method by proportional. Collected data with measurement is PM 10 rate, temperature and dampness in house while other variable data with interview and observation use questionnaire. Data analysed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Result of chi-square analysis obtained by eight variable correlate to have a meaning of (p < 0,05) with incidence disturbance of acute respiratory infections among children under five that is Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) in house, temperature in house, dampness in house, wide of chamber/wide of room, density of house dwelling, house wall type, kitchen smoke hole, kitchen situation and ripe fuel type. Dampness variable in house, cigarette smoke) usage medicine mosquito, gizi status and immunize do not show relation having a meaning of (p > 0,05) with incidence disturbance of acute respiratory infections among children under five. Result of multivariate analysis statistically do not be found the existence of interaction between accurate variable, but temperature variable in house. dampness in house and ripe fuel type found as factor influencing disturbance of acute respiratory infections among children under five which is Particulate Matter (PM 10) exposure in house. From this research is suggested to passing observation efforts., tuition, counselling to society to increase the quality of dwelling and also dissemination of information hiting the quality of air in ugly house can generate disturbance of acute respiratory infections and disease base on other environment.
Dua dekade telah berlalu sejak kematian maternal diangkat sebagai isu global, namun hingga kini secara umum, angka kernatian ibu (AKI) di berbagai belahan dunia masih tetap tinggi. Di Indonesia, estimasi AK1 pada tahun 2002/2003 sebesar 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan negara-negara tetangga seperti Srilanka (58), Thailand (110), dan Malaysia (62). Tingginya AKI hanya menggambarkan sebagian dari masalah kesehatan ibu, Diperkirakan, di luar 529.000 kernatian ibu di dunia, sekitar 9,5 juta perempuan mengalami kesakitan yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan dan 1,4 juta mengalami near-miss/nyaris meninggal. Kesakitan dan kematian ibu menggambarkan masih rendahnya kualitas pelayanan kcsehatan ibu. Berbagai pendekatan dilakukan untuk menilai kualitas pelayanan, salah satunya dengan menghubungkan waktu-waktu tertentu yang berpotensi tenjadi penurunan kualitas pelayanan dengan outcome negatifpasien. Dengan metode kohort retrospektif peneliti menilai pengaruh waktu masuk atau menerima tindakan tcrhadap kejadian komplikasi ohstctrik yang mengancam jiwa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu hamil/bersalin/nifas yang masuk atau menerima tindakan di RS pada waktu seputar pergantian shift berisiko 1,75 kali Iebih tinggi mengalami komplikasi obstetrik yang mengancarn jiwa dibandingkan jika masuk atau menerima tindakan pada waktu lainnya (RR 1,75; 95%CI=l,02 - 3,0). Hasil tersebut mengimplikasikan penlingnya evaluasi terhadap pmktck pelayanan kesehatan di RS. Selain itu, selarna periode Desember 2005 - Mei 2006, diketahui rasio kematian ibu terhadap kasus near-miss di RSU Serang dan Pandeglang sebesar 1:11, yang menunjukkan bahwa upaya pencegahan komplikasi obstetrik yang mengancam jiwa dapat menyelamatkan lebih banyak jiwa, dibandingkan jika hanya berfokus pada pencegahan kematian ibu.
Two decades has passed by since maternal mortality being raised as a global issue. But until now, matemal mortality ratio (MMR) in most part of the worlds remains high. In Indonesia, the estimate MMR for 2002/2003 is 307 per 100,000 livebirth, considerably higher that other countries such as Srilanka (58), Thailand (110), and Malaysia (62). The high MMR only reflects a part of matemal health problem. It is estimated that beside 529,000 matemal deaths, there are approximately 9.5 miilon women suffer from pregnancy-related morbidity, and 1,4 million of them survive fiom near-miss. Matemal morbidity and mortality related with the low quality of matemal health care. Various approaches can be used to assess quality of care, one is by relating certain potentially dangerous time, which have the potential of low quality of care, with the negative outcomes of patients. Using retrospective cohort, the effect of time of admission or time receiving definite intervention to the incidence of obstetric life-threatening complication was investigated. The result shows that pregnant/delivery/post partum women who admitted or received definite intervention around the time for handover had 1,75 higher risk to develop obstetric life-threatening complication, compared to admission or receiving intervention at different times (RR 1,75; 95%CI=l,02 - 3,0). The result implies the need for evaluation of the practice of health care delivery in the hospital. Between December 2005 - May 2006, the maternal death to near-miss ration in both hospitals was 1:11, implies the need for prevention of obstetric life-threatening complication which would save more lives, compared to focusing effort only on matemal death.
