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The high burden of pulmonary tuberculosis disease still becomes public healthproblem in the world especially Indonesia. However, risk factors in termenvironmental aspects are not getting much attention yet. It is indicated by lackingof healthy housing existence. This study aims to determine the effect of healthyhousing status on incidence of pulmonary TB in Banten Province. This study is asecondary data analysis of BHS 2010 using cross-sectional design on 7.536household members aged 15 years old above. The result showed prevalence ofpulmonary TB in Banten is 1,3% (95% CI: 1,0-1,5). Multivariate analysis foundan interaction between healthy housing status by economic status, those peoplewho have unhealthy housing at low economic status 2,152 times more likely tosuffer from pulmonary TB than people who have healthy housing.Key words: Banten, prevalence, healthy housing, pulmonary tuberculosis
PROGRAM PASCA SARJANA
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
BIOSTATISTIK
Tesis, 28 Juni 2013
Sasmin Itadi Suhanto
Peran dan Dampak Perilaku Pencegahan Gigitan Nyamuk Terhadap Kejadian Malaria di Kabupaten Kaur, Provinsi Bengkulu, tahun 2012
ABSTRAK
Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat walaupun berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk mencegahnya tetapi malaria masih ditemukan. Kabupaten Kaur termasuk daerah dengan endemisitas rendah dengan angka API< 1‰. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran, peran dan dampak perilaku pencegahan gigitan nyamuk serta faktor risiko lainnya terhadap kejadian malaria di Kabupaten Kaur tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan observasional dengan pendekatan case control study. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh wilayah kerja puskesmas yang ada dalam Kabupaten Kaur yaitu sebanyak 16 puskesmas. Dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 264 orang dengan rincian 132 orang kasus dan 132 orang kontrol. Kasus adalah pengunjung yang datang ke rumah sakit, puskesmas dan jaringannya dengan gejala demam dengan hasil pemeriksaan sediaan darah di laboratorium atau RDT (Rapid Diagnostik Test) positif malaria. Kontrol adalah pengunjung yang datang ke rumah sakit, puskesmas dan jaringannya dalam tahun 2012 dengan gejala demam dan hasil pemeriksaan sediaan darah di laboratorium atau RDT (Rapid Diagnostik Test) menunjukan negatif malaria.
Hasil : Analisis multivariate menunjukan bahwa kebiasaan sering dan kadang-kadang begadang malam di luar rumah dengan nilai OR masing-masing sebesar 6,37 (95% CI 1,65–24,60) dan 1,84 (95% CI 0,72–4,71), kebiasaan sering dan kadang-kadang menggunakan kelambu dengan nilai OR masing-masing sebesar 0,1 (95% CI 0,004-0,05) dan 0.08 (95% CI 0.01-0,68), kebiasaan sering dan kadang-kadang menggunakan obat anti nyamuk bakar dengan nilai OR masing-masing sebesar 0,01 (95% CI 0,004-0,05) dan 0,75 (95% CI 0,12-4,79) dan kebiasaan sering dan kadang menggunakan obat anti nyamuk cair dengan nilai OR masing-masing sebesar 0,02 (95% CI 0,005-0,06) dan 0,06 (95% CI 0,004-0,997) berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian malaria setelah dikontrol dengan langit-langit rumah. Sedangkan penggunaan kasa ventilasi tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian malaria. Hasil perhitungan dampak: kebiasaan sering begadang malam di luar rumah dapat menurunkan kasus kejadian malaria sebesar 19,1% jika dihentikan/ditiadakan, penggunaan kelambu 15,5%, penggunaan obat anti nyamuk (bakar dan cair ) masing-masing sebesar 32,7% dan 24% pada populasi.
Kesimpulan :
Perilaku pencegahan gigitan nyamuk seperti kebiasaan begadang malam di luar rumah, penggunaan kelambu, obat anti nyamuk (bakar dan cair/semprot) mempunyai perananan penting dalam kejadian malaria.
Kata kunci : Kejadian malaria, perilaku pencegahan gigitan nyamuk, case control.
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PROGRAM
Biostatistics Thesis, June 28, 2013
Sasmin Itadi Suhanto
Role and Impact Behavior Mosquito Bite Prevention Against Malaria incidence in Kaur regency, Bengkulu province, in 2012
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains a public health problem despite efforts have been done to prevent it, but malaria is found. Kaur district includes areas with low endemicity with API numbers <1 ‰. The purpose of this study is to describe the role and impact of mosquito bite prevention behaviors and other risk factors on the incidence of malaria in the district Kaur in 2012. This study uses observational design of case control study. The study site is the working area of the existing health center in the district as many as 16 health centers Kaur. With a total sample of 264 people with the details of 132 cases and 132 controls. Case was the visitors who come to the hospital, health center and network with symptoms of fever with the results of blood clots in the laboratory or RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) positive malaria. Control was the visitors who come to the hospital, health centers and networks in the year 2012 with symptoms of fever and blood clots in the results of the laboratory examination or RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test) showed a negative malaria.
Results: Multivariate analysis showed that the habit of frequent and sometimes stay up all night outside the house with a value amounting OR 6.37 (95% CI 1.65 to 24.60) and 1.84 (95% CI 0.72 - 4.71), and a frequent habit of sometimes using nets with OR values respectively of 0.1 (95% CI 0.004 to 0.05) and 0:08 (95% CI 0.01-0,68), and a frequent habit sometimes use anti mosquito OR at each value of 0.01 (95% CI from 0.004 to 0.05) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.12 to 4.79) and the habit of frequent and sometimes use anti mosquito liquid with each value OR of 0.02 (95% CI 0.005-0.06) and 0.06 (95% CI 0.004 to 0.997) significantly associated with the incidence of malaria after controlled ceiling. While the use of gauze vents are not significantly associated with the incidence of malaria. Results of impact assessment: the habit to stay up late at night outside the home can reduce the incidence of malaria cases by 19.1% if terminated / removed, 15.5% use of mosquito nets, mosquito drug use (fuel and liquid), respectively by 32.7% and 24% of the population.
Conclusion: Mosquito bite prevention behaviors such as staying up all night habits outside the home, the use of bed nets, anti mosquito (fuel and liquid / spray) have an important role in the incidence of malaria.
Keywords: incidence of malaria, a mosquito bite prevention behaviors, case control.
Background: Indonesian belong to the the five countries that have the highest rate of stunting among children under five in the world after India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China. Figures stunting in Indonesia showed no significant changes for almost a decade. Stunting in addition to the direct impact on morbidity and mortality, also have an impact on intellectual development, and productivity. The first two years of life is the golden period that has been scientifically proven to determine the quality of life as it is a sensitive period because the impact will be permanent and cannot be corrected.
ABSTRAK Nama : Yolanda Handayani Program Studi : Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Peminatan Biostatistik Judul : Stunting pada Anak Usia di Bawah 2 Tahun di 3 Provinsi Sulawesi Tahun 2017 dengan Pendekatan Spasial Pembimbing : Dr. Martya Rahmaniati, S.Si., M.Si Pendahuluan: Seribu hari pertama kehidupan merupakan momentum kritis yang akan menentukan kualitas generasi masa depan suatu bangsa. Hal ini karena perlunya gizi terbaik berupa asupan gizi selama kehamilan, serta ASI dan makanan yang tepat sesuai umur untuk perkembangan otak anak. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional. Analisis penelitian ini yaitu analisis prediksi menggunakan regresi logistik dan analisis spasial menggunakan GWR. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 2.232 individu dan 25 kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara dan Sulawesi Barat. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan variabel suplementasi besi folat ibu, suplementasi vitamin A baduta usia 7-23 bulan, menyusui bayi usia 0-6 bulan dan pemberian MP–ASI baduta usia 7-23 bulan membentuk model prediksi. Model lokal spasial dibentuk oleh ibu hamil yang tidak suplementasi besi folat, baduta usia 7-23 bulan yang tidak mendapatkan MP–ASI, bayi usia 0-6 bulan yang tidak ASI Eksklusif dan bayi yang tidak mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan, serta variabel persalinan tidak dibantu tenaga kesehatan menjadi model global spasial. Kesimpulan: Ibu hamil yang tidak suplementasi besi folat, baduta usia 7-23 bulan yang tidak mendapatkan MP–ASI, bayi usia 0-6 bulan yang tidak ASI Eksklusif dan bayi yang tidak mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan akan memicu 58% kejadian stunting di 3 Provinsi Sulawesi, di mana variabel ibu hamil yang tidak mendapatkan suplementasi besi folat berhubungan secara statistik di 8 kabupaten/kota Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan intervensi tambahan berupa suplementasi besi folat ibu hamil selain intervensi persalinan dibantu tenaga kesehatan di 8 kabupaten/kota Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Kata kunci: stunting, spasial, GWR
ABSTRACT Name : Yolanda Handayani Study Program : Public Health Sciences Biostatistics Specialization Title : Stunting in Child Under 2 Years of Age in 3 Sulawesi Province in 2017 with A Spatial Approach Counsellor : Dr. Martya Rahmaniati, S.Si., M.Si Background: The first thousand days of life is a critical momentum that will determine the quality of future generations of a nation. This is due to the need for the best nutrition for children in the form of nutritional intake during pregnancy and breast milk foods that are age-appropriate for the child's brain development. Method: This study uses a quantitative approach using a cross sectional study design. The analysis of this study is prediction analysis using logistic regression and spatial analysis using GWR. The sample in this study are 2,232 individuals and 25 districts in Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and West Sulawesi. Results: The results showed variable maternal folate supplementation, supplementation of vitamin A baduta aged 7-23 months, breastfeeding infants aged 0-6 months and give complementary food baduta aged 7-23 months making predictive models. The spatial local model is made by pregnant women who are not iron folate supplementation, those aged 7-23 months who do not get complementary food, infants aged 0-6 months who are not exclusive breastfeeding and babies who are not health care, and labor-dependent variables are not supported health becomes a global spatial model. Conclusion: Pregnant women who are not iron folate supplementation, those aged 7-23 months who do not get complementary food, infants aged 0-6 months who are not exclusive breastfeeding and babies who do not receive health services will trigger 58% of the incidence of stunting in 3 Sulawesi provinces, in where the variable of pregnant women who did not receive iron folate supplementation was statistically related in 8 districts of Central Sulawesi Province. Therefore, additional intervention is needed in the form of iron folate supplementation for pregnant women in addition to labor interventions assisted by health workers in 8 districts of Central Sulawesi Province. Keywords: stunting, spasial, GWR
Menurut laporan MDG's tahun 2007, 30,7% masyarakat Indonesia tanpa akses sanitasi yang layak. Provinsi Banten memiliki masalah yang cukup besar terkait dengan masalah air, higiene dan sanitasi. Beberapa cakupan sanitasi dasar di Provinsi Banten merupakan cakupan terendah di Pulau jawa, seperti cakupan jamban keluarga pada tahun 2007 yang hanya 67,69 %. Kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk ini akhirnya menyebabkan masih seringnya terjadi KLB diare dan demam berdarah di Provinsi Banten. Selain itu kejadian demam tifoid dan malaria juga mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui risiko dan dampak sanitasi lingkungan terhadap status kesehatan balita di Provinsi Banten dengan menggunakan data sekunder hasil RISKESDAS 2007. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi dan sampel dari penelitian ini adalah balita (12 - 59 bulan).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balita yang pernah menderita sakit sebanyak 17,2%. Sedangkan faktor sanitasi lingkungan yang memiliki risiko terhadap status kesehatan balita adalah ketersediaan air bersih (OR = 1,6; 95%CI 1,2 - 2,3), sarana pembuangan air limbah (OR = 1,7; 95% CI 1,0 - 3,1) dan tempat penampungan air (OR = 1,9; 95%CI 1,2 - 2,9). Sarana pembuangan air limbah memberikan dampak yang paling besar diantara ketiga variabel yang berisiko, dimana jika di populasi, sarana pembuangan air limbah yang tidak memenuhi syarat diperbaiki, maka akan menurunkan kejadian sakit pada balita sebanyak 36,9%. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa untuk mengurangi risiko dan dampak sanitasi lingkungan diperlukan upaya pengelolaan terhadap air, mulai dari air bersih sampai dengan air buangan.
According to the MDG's in 2007, 30.7% of Indonesian people without access to improved sanitation. Banten province has a considerable problem associated with the problem of water, hygiene and sanitation. Some basic sanitation coverage in Banten Province is the lowest coverage in Java, such as family latrine coverage in 2007 is only 67.69%. Conditions of poor environmental sanitation is still ultimately lead to frequent outbreaks of diarrhea and dengue fever in the province of Banten. In addition to the incidence of typhoid fever and malaria also increased from year to year.
The purpose of this study was to determine the risk and impact of environmental sanitation on the health status of children under five in Banten province by using secondary data from RISKESDAS 2007. This research is quantitative cross-sectional design. Population and sample of the study was a toddler (12-59 months).
The results showed that infants who have suffered from as much as 17.2%. While environmental sanitation factors that have exposure to the health status of children under five are the availability of clean water (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3), wastewater disposal (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1, 0 to 3.1) and a reservoir of water (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9). Wastewater disposal provide the greatest impact among the three variables is at risk, which if in the population, wastewater disposal are not eligible eliminated, it will reduce the incidence of illness in infants as much as 36.9%. Results of this study suggest that to reduce the risk and impact of environmental sanitation to water management efforts are needed, ranging from clean water to waste water.
